Analysis of the Poem the Red Hat Essay

Rachel Hadas’ poem â€Å"The Red Hat† is told from the viewpoint of the parents of a young boy who begins to walk to school by himself. The poem reveals the actions and emotions of the parents who struggle with allowing their son to become more independent. However, this poem is not simply a story of a boy starting to walk to school on his own. The underlying theme is about a boy leaving the protection and safety of his parents to enter the world by himself. In the middle of the first stanza the lines, â€Å"these parallel paths part† interrupt the flow of the poem. Here, at Straus Park, the boy must really separate from his parents. When Hadas write, â€Å"The watcher’s heart stretches, elastic in its love and fear, toward him as we see him disappear, striding briskly†, she introduces the reader to one of the most significant parts of the poem. His parents, the watchers, extend their â€Å"elastic† hearts to their son out of love and fear as well. They look back two weeks, remembering when they held their son’s hand as they walked to school. The parents will not let their son go on alone until they feel satisfied that he can handle the responsibility. Even though the son proves his capability of walking to school, the parents still worry. When they finally let their son continue on his own, they worry about the potential dangers in the world. The parents will always worry, because their boy can never be completely safe. The author uses vivid description to allow the reader to develop a mental picture of what takes place. The boy walks up the east side of West End, while his parents follow behind on the west side. An understanding between the boy and his parent’s permits extended glances across the street, but not eye contact. This unsaid agreement allows the parents the opportunity to look over at their son to check on him, and it gives the boy a chance to occasionally look back and know that his parents are still there for him. The remaining lines of the poem follow in a sequential AA, BB rhyming pattern. When taken literally, this poem is merely a tale of a young boy learning to walk to school on his own and his parents’ concern over letting him go. In order for parents to let their child go off into the world, they must be sure that their child will look both ways before he crosses the street, and that he does not talk to strangers.

Hospital and Appointment Management Purposes

Homework Assignment #2 03/04/13 Please provide your answer after each problem and submit the file with your answers through Angel. Problem #8 from page 145 Using the Crow’s Foot methodology, create an ERD that can be implemented for a medical clinic, using at least the following business rules: a. A patient can make many appointments with one or more doctors in the clinic, and a doctor can accept appointments with many patients. However, each appointment is made with only one doctor and one patient. b. Emergency cases do not require an appointment.However, for appointment management purposes, an emergency is entered in the appointment book as â€Å"unscheduled. † c. If kept, an appointment yields a visit with the doctor specified in the appointment. The visit yields a diagnosis and, when appropriate, treatment. d. With each visit, the patient’s records are updated to provide a medical history e. Each patient visit creates a bill. Each patient visit is billed by o ne doctor, and each doctor can bill many patients. f. Each bill must be paid. However, a bill may be paid in many installments, and a payment may cover more than one bill. . A patient may pay the bill directly, or the bill may be the basis for a claim submitted to an insurance company. h. If the bill is paid by an insurance company, the deductible is submitted to the patient for payment. [pic] Problem #2 from page 173 Given the following business scenario, create a Crow’s Foot ERD using a specialization hierarchy if appropriate. Tiny Hospital keeps information on patients and hospital rooms. The system assigns each patient a patient ID number. In addition, the patient’s name and date of birth are recorded.Some patients are resident patients (they spend at least one night in the hospital) and others are outpatients (they are treated and released). Resident patients are assigned to a room. Each room is identified by a room number. The system also stores the room type (pr ivate or semiprivate), and room fee. Over time, each room will have many patients that stay in it. Each resident patient will stay in only one room. Every room must have had a patient, and every resident patient must have a room. I believe specialization hierarchy is 100 percent not appropriate.Although resident patients are an identi? able type of patient instance, there are not additional attributes that are unique to only that kind or type of patient. Participation in a relationship that is unique to a particular kind or type of instance is not suf? cient justi? cation for a specialization hierarchy. Indicating that only some instances will participate in a relationship is addressed by the optional participation designation. In this module, all resident patients must have a room; however, not all patients are resident patients so room is optional to patient.

Essay on television news Essay

Television news and current affair programs have become an essential part of our everyday lives in this cutting edge society today. Nine Network’s A Current Affair program is a 30-minute long current affairs program covering politics, crime, human rights, science, technology and many other areas. It is an example of a consumer-oriented program, which seeks to appeal to viewers to get the ratings and thereby generate revenue through advertising for the Nine Network. I will use this current affairs program broadcast on the 2nd November to discuss how the codes of television reinforce the narrative elements in one of the stories presented on the television screen. The current affair story I have chosen which runs for five minutes and eight seconds is about an out-of-control 15-year old Stacey who has been locked in a â€Å"wire cage† for her past seven years. She is severely intellectually handicapped and her mother is forced to lock her up for her own safety reasons. She claims that the Government does not provide sufficient disabilities services and resources in areas such as rural South Australia. Throughout the story, viewers are positioned to sympathize with Stacey’s mother, Kerry. She is portrayed as a victim of the lack of disabilities services, desperately pleading the government to take action. The different camera angles and movement, selection of film footage, background music, voice-overs and word choice are examples of techniques used to enhance the narrative elements in the story such as characterization, point of view, setting, structure and many more. The two main production codes I will focus on are technical and audio codes. The characters of this story include the current affair presenter, Stacey the 15-year old girl, her mother Kerry, a family friend, South Australia Disability Service Minister and Chris Hill the on-spot reporter and interviewee. Various shots such as close-up, longand panning shots are used to show the main character of the story Stacey behind her â€Å"cage†. She is shown clinging on to the â€Å"wire cage† like a prisoner without freedom. Viewers are in this way positioned to feel sorry for her. We normally associate imprisonment with crime and wrong doings. Here, we are presented with an innocent victim suffering from Down syndrome, being denied the basic human right of freedom through no fault of her own. There are also shots filming interviews with Stacey’s mum, Kerry. The close-up shots showing Kerry’s weary and desperate face suggests to viewers that she is also suffering from locking her daughter up in the cage for her own safety and this allows viewers to observe the physical effect of the stressful situation. This makes viewers feel sorry for her as the mother of a handicapped daughter. The shots showing South Australia’s Disability Service Minister busy flipping through his pile of work tells viewers that the minister is very busy and he has other community issues to look at. It shows that the need to help Stacey is low down in the minister’s listed priorities. Viewers react by feeling angered because the government cannot provide these services for families in need. Seeing the Minister in his city office environment contrasted with the rural setting of the Stacey’s â€Å"cage†, viewers can see the huge gap in the importance placed in addressing this problem. The melancholy background music, designed to raise emotions, is also played whenever Stacey appears on the scene, further emphasizing the sufferings of the mother and daughter. The setting of the story is also enhanced by shots showing rural South Australia and Stacey’s â€Å"wire cage†. The long shots are used to show location as isolated and deserted from the major town centres and the voice of Chris Hill further enhances it. There are footages showing the surroundings of the Stacey’s house, suggesting the danger Stacey faces if she is let loosed. The close up shots of the wire cage and the faces behind the â€Å"cage†; and the repetition shots of the opening of the â€Å"cage† reinforce the â€Å"prison† setting Stacey has been living in for the past seven years. The point of view in the story is 90% focused on Stacey’s mother, Kerry and their family friend. Viewers are persuaded to side with them in arguing against the government for the lack of disability services such as day care programs, transport services and other disability services. The footage showing Stacey interacting with the camera as she interrupts the â€Å"normal† narrative flow of the camera work by covering the camera lens show her behaviour as uncontrolled and undisciplined. It also demonstrates clearly to the viewers that Stacey has a lack of understanding of the appropriate behaviour and responses in the world around her. This reinforces the viewpoint of Stacey’s mother that this problem is not exaggerated. The current affair presenter also commented on the â€Å"lack of support provided†, further enhancing that the government is not doing anything. The sympathetic tone is created through the selection of words chosen by the voice-over and presenter. For example, Stacey home is described as a â€Å"domestic detention centre†. This emotive language is normally associated with asylum seekers arriving in our country. Other selective words and adjectives used include â€Å"barbaric† when referred to the action of locking Stacey up and â€Å"Wire Cage† when referred to Stacey’s house. This colourful language is used to make the story seem more interesting and touching. There is also a personal testimony recounting an incident from the past to demonstrate the past and present difficulties faced by Kerry and many other interviews to make the story more truthful. Values and attitudes of the Australian government are also reinforced using technical and audio codes in the story. The Australian Government likes to think of themselves as caring, helpful and supportive. They believe that they have one of the best healthcare systems in the world. This story sets on to show one of the examples of the system failing to provide services for all in the community. In conclusion, the current affair story is put together using the different narrative techniques such as characterization, setting, point of view and tone and it is reinforced through the use of television production codes such as technical and audio codes.

The Law and the Police Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Law and the Police - Essay Example Society's difficulty overseeing the police is compounded by the invisibility of much of police behavior, and the large role that discretion plays in police officer's job Thus, even when the law unambiguously governs a situation, police may use their discretion not to enforce the law." (Sarat, 2004, p 133). This paper makes a reflective exploration of the relationship between law and police, the tension existing between these two entities, what can be done to reduce this tension, the need for effective leadership for policing, and the signs of ineffective leadership. The relationship between law and police within the modern democratic societies has been topic of several researches and it is important to recognize that each in some way determines the other, although both are independent of each other. One may realize the law as a set of rules with which the society operates and it is the law which determines a society. Society needs the police, along with the law, as a means of enforcing the law. "Police in a modern society have not only lawful authority to enforce law, but a virtual monopoly in enforcing the law.

Mohammad Ali wikipidia analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mohammad Ali wikipidia analysis - Assignment Example I would break the article down into various sections discussing the personal and professional life of the sportsman. The first section would be titled, ‘About Mohammad Ali.’ This would be a general summary of the personality. The other section would be ‘His personal life.’ The section would discuss anything to do with his education, family, interest, among others. I would then discuss ‘His Professional life.’ this is where I would discuss his role in the sports industry. The last section would be ‘other contributions he has made.’ In this section, I would discuss his role in the social life, especially racial justice, in the United States. All the sections would be accompanied by images of the character in the sports world, especially those that have been used in different popular newspapers and magazines. The part of the article that would be potentially controversial is the contribution of Ali in the social life in the United States. The aspect of racism would trigger discussion among racist personalities that may prompt hatred for the sportsman, not for who he is, but what he does outside his profession. To find and verify the information of the article, I would look for all books, journals, websites, and news collections that discuss Mohammad Ali and compile the

Write a brief statement on why you would want to become a C.A.S.A Essay

Write a brief statement on why you would want to become a C.A.S.A volunteer - Essay Example The determination of time depends upon the status of the case since sometimes volunteers have to work harder than expected. As per calculation, one can expect to spend ten hours in a month.   To become C.A.S.A. volunteer, no special or otherwise background is essential. Once a volunteer becomes C.A.S.A. Volunteer, he will receive basic training related to a) courtroom procedures b) social services c) juvenile justice system besides the special needs of the deprived children. The required criterion for becoming C.A.S.A. volunteer is that he or she should be a) 21 years age b) willing to complete the assigned task c) completion of 30 hours pre service training d) available for court appearance with prior intimation and e) willing to commit to the C.A.S.A. C.A.S.A. volunteers are appointed by judges to advocate the best interest of the abused and neglected children, all of which requires me to apply for the

HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

HR - Essay Example Forced ranking can be described as a controversial management tool that is employed in organizations in order to identify the best and worst workforce employees. This method of performance management is significantly efficient since; the hard working personnel are rewarded while the lazy ones are normally fired. In most cases, forced ranking is used by large business firms which are required to systematize their human resource (Bacal 59). The criteria used in determining the rank of an employee should be more qualitative rather than quantitative. In fact, the success of a business is normally measured by the quality of services provided. The higher the quality of services offered the higher the quantity of sales. Therefore, forced ranking cannot be effective in an organization whereby all the staff members are superstars. This method is valuable to the employee, since; they have to work hard in order to avoid losing their jobs. On the other hand, this method substantially benefits th e company since; they improve their presence in the market. In this context, performance management is the main topic of discussion. This presentation presents the importance of performance-appraisal systems that can be employed in an organization in order to improve the effectiveness of the firm. Performance-appraisal systems are critical in an organization because; without this strategy, the progress of the company is weakened. Therefore, most companies evaluate the performance of their staff in order to augment their sales (Bacal 48). Research asserts that performance management is quite critical. As a matter of fact, the progress of any company simply relies on the performance of its employees (Bacal 49). Therefore, if the employees are not serious with their work, they are likely to be relegated or even fired. Therefore, the evaluation of performance of an employee is critical in ensuring that he or she remains focused on his or her

Ethical styiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical styiles - Essay Example Ethics of care takes into consideration the effect that a decision may have on immediate individuals. As a leader I would not put into play policies or rules that may harm individuals or cause them suffering. This is because this approach is flexible and caring and it can respond to changing environments. As compared to the justice approach, it can be applied in life since once cannot use rigid rules as there are some exceptional situations that may arise. This approach can be applied in the management of a firm as it is sensitive to the consequences of decisions to individuals. In fact it considers consensus building an important aspect and it also emphasizes on people doing things out of their own interest rather than being forced (Kovac, 2012). Studies carried out previously suggest that purpose is a great motivator just like profit in any business (Landau, 2010). Therefore this calls the need for leaders to put the interests of their employees at heart. This entails not hurting them through setting rigid rules that may make them suffer. This will create a sense of belonging on the part of the employees thus they will try their level best to ensure that the business is successful as they will take it as their own. As a leader I will therefore involve all my employees in decision making process so that they pass the rules themselves. This will help them work as per the rules that they will have set on their own. It will have also put their interests in consideration as they will tend to make rules that fit their own

US Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US Army - Essay Example A) Supporting evidence – The leader’s self confidence and effectiveness positively impacts team performance (Stephen, 2011). B) Explanation – This statement was completely true in the team that I belong too. The leader was instrumental in inspiring the team to achieve a higher level of performance. C) So what? – I firmly believe that if our team leader was not so inspiring and effective the team would not perform so well. Body Paragraph II: Topic sentence - Communication is an extremely important aspect of group work. A) Supporting evidence - â€Å"Communication traits are an individual's verbal and nonverbal behaviors that explain the individual's consistency in message sending and receiving† (Anderson & Martin, 1999). B) Explanation – The article described different ways in which verbal and non verbal communication affects small teams. C) So what? The team that I was a part of created its own nonverbal communication language. Body Paragraph III: Topic sentence - Task and maintenance roles played a big part in the functionality of the team. Tasks roles help get the job done, while maintenance roles provide the oil for the machinery (Srds). ... Verbal and nonverbal communications are important to send and receive messages effectively during conversations. Task and maintenance roles are a way that groups are able to achieve their desire outcome The group that I will describe is a special task force group which I belong too at a former employer. The group was composed of five members. The size of the group was adequate. The purpose of the group was to brainstorm ideas for new products. The group was extremely effective. The first attribute that made the group so successful was the presence of a tremendous team leader. The team leader had superb communication, leadership, and people skills. She made everyone feel that their opinions and input were valuable. All the team members got along well and they supported each others ideas. One of the primary reasons that the group was so effective was due to the fact that the group was able to achieve synergy. Synergy occurs when the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Three cha racteristics that made the team effective were leadership, effective verbal and nonverbal communication, and clearly defined tasks and maintenance roles. The team leader was very flexible and from time to time she let the other members take charge of the group to help them develop their leadership skills. This enabled other team members to develop their leadership skills. Everyone on the team was very responsible, attentive to details, and they delivered their work tasks on a timely manner. Absenteeism among team members to meetings was minimal and rarely would a team member arrive late. Team meetings were held during and after work hours. The meetings after work hours were informal and its purpose was to socialize more than to do actual work. The team

Learning Team Industry Averages and Financial Ratios Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Industry Averages and Financial Ratios Essay Watch the Industry Averages and Financial Ratios video and use the industry classification from the financial services website to locate the companys SIC code on the U.S. Department of Labors website. Find the industry ratios for the company using the Dun   Bradstreet ® Key Business Ratios link in the Week 2 Electronic Reserve Readings. If your companys SIC code does not appear in the dropdown menu, choose another company. Assume the inventory ratio is based on a traditional inventory system, but globalized markets and the supply chain make it critical to adopt lean principles to create a more efficient system. Calculate the 14 ratios (show your calculations) for the company using the two most recent annual financial statements found on the financial information website you used earlier. Be careful not to use quarterly information, and include ratios for both years. Note. You can access a downloadable Ratio Guide PDF by clicking the Help Guide link in the upper-right of the Dun Bradstreet ® Key Business Ratios window. Compare the ratios for the company you selected with the appropriate industry ratios including profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios shown on the Dun Bradstreet ® report. Write a 350-word response about how the company you selected performed compared with the industry. Instructor Notes: Also upload the following: Formula and calculations of your companys financial ratios for most recent two years (Excel) Dun Bradstreet financial ratios for your companys SIC code (exported to Excel) (Please delete the text in yellow-highlight above) Industry Averages and Financial Ratios Paper The purpose of this analysis is for our team to analyze how Amazon.com Inc. performed compared with the industry based on financial ratios. In Attachment 1, our team provides the industry ratios for the company using the Dun Bradstreet Key Business Ratios. In Attachment 2, we provide the Balance Sheet and Income Statement information for the company’s most recent two years. In Attachment 3, our team calculates the company’s 14 financial ratios. In Attachment 4, we compare the financial ratios with appropriate industry ratios including profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios. Analysis of Company’s Financial Ratios Compared to Industry’s Financial Ratios Xxxx Provide an analysis of the selected company’s 14 financial ratios compared to the industry’s financial ratios. Compare the most recent two years from DB industry average to the same two years from your calculated financial ratios. Use the â€Å"Median† from the DB industry average Remember to select financial ratios related to profitability, solvency, and  efficiency ratios. Note: the analysis includes interpreting the importance of the company’s vs. the industry’s financial ratios. 3 points out of 3 possible points (please do not delete these lines with point scoring) Conclusion References [Insert references here.] Attachment 1 Industry’s ratios from Dun Bradstreet ® Key Business Ratios Solvency Ratios Solvency ratios measure the financial soundness of a business and how well a company can satisfy its short- and long-term obligations. DB uses six key financial business ratios to measure a company’s solvency: †¢ Quick Ratio, also called â€Å"acid test† or â€Å"liquid† ratio, considers only cash, marketable securities and accounts receivable because they are considered to be the most liquids forms of current assets. A Quick Ratio less that 1.0 implies â€Å"dependency† on inventory and other current assets to liquidate short-term debt. Cash + Accounts Receivable à · Current Liabilities †¢ Current Ratio is a comparison of current assets to current liabilities, commonly used as a measure of short-run solvency, i.e., the immediate ability of a business to pay its current debts as they come due. Potential creditors use this ratio to measure a company’s liquidity or ability to pay off short-term debts. Current Assets à · Cur rent Liabilities †¢ Current Liabilities to Net Worth Ratio indicates the amount due creditors within a year as a percentage of the owners or stockholders investment. The smaller the net worth and the larger the liabilities, the less security for creditors. Normally a business starts to have trouble when this relationship exceeds 80%. Current Liabilities à · Net Worth †¢ Current Liabilities to Inventory Ratio shows, as a percentage, the reliance on available inventory for payment of debt (how much a company relies on funds from disposal of unsold inventories to meet its current debt). Current Liabilities à · Inventory †¢ Total Liabilities to New Worth Ratio shows how all of a company’s debt relates to the equity of the owners or stockholders.  The higher this ratio, the less protection there is for the creditors of the business. Total Liabilities à · Net Worth †¢ Fixed Assets to Newt Worth Ratio shows the percentage of assts centered in fixed assets compared to total equity. Generally the higher this percentage is over 75%, the more vulnerable a business becomes to unexpected hazards and climate changes. Fixed Assets à · Net Worth Efficiency Ratios Efficiency ratios measure the quality of a business’ receivables and how efficiently it uses and controls its assets, how effectively the firm is paying suppliers and whether the business is overtrading or undertrading on its equity. DB uses five key financial business ratios to measure a company’s efficiency: †¢ Collection Period Ratio is helpful in analyzing the collectability of accounts receivable or how fast a business can increase its cash supply. Accounts Receivable à · Sales x 365 Days †¢ Sales to Inventory Ratio provides a yardstick for comparing stock-to-sales ratios of a business with others in the same industry. A high ratio may indicate that sales are being lost because of low inventory and/or customers are buying elsewhere. A low ratio may indicate that inventories are obsolete or stagnant. Annual Net Sale à · Inventory †¢ Assets to Sales Ratio shows how efficiently a business is usingits assets to generate revenue. A high ratio may indicate the business is not aggressive or that its assts are not fully used. A low ratio may indicate a company is selling more than can safely fulfilled by its assets. Total Assets à · Net Sales †¢ Sales to Net Working Capital Ratio shows the number of times working capital turns over annually in relation to net sales. A high turnover rate may indicate that the business relies heavily on credit. Sales à · Net Working Capital †¢ Accounts Payable to Sales Ratio shows how a company pays its suppliers in relation to the sales volume being transacted. A low percentage may indicate a healthy ratio. A high percentage may indicate that the business may be using suppliers to help finance its operation. Accounts Payable à · Net Sales Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios measure how well a company is performing by analyzing how profit was earned relative to sales, total assets and net worth. DB uses three key financial business ratios to measure a company’s efficiency: †¢ Return on Sales (Profit Margin) Ratio measures the profits after taxes on the year’s sales. The higher the ratio, the better prepared the business is to handle downtrends brought on by adverse conditions. Net Profit After  Taxes à · Net Sales †¢ Return on Assets (ROA) Ratio shows the after tax earnings of assets and is an indicator of how profitable a company is. Return on assets ratio is the key indicator of the profitability of a company. It matches net profits after taxes with the assets used to earn such profits. A high percentage rated indicates the company is well run and has a healthy return on assets. Net Profit After Taxes à · Total Assets †¢ Return on Net Worth Ratio measure the ability of a company’s management to realize an adequate return on the capital invested by the owners in the company. Net Profit After Taxes à · Net Worth Median Median is the value from the midpoint that falls halfway between the Upper and Lower Quartiles. Industry Quartiles Industry Quartiles are static values taken directly from the KBR database tables. The value from the midpoint that falls halfway to the top of the list is selected as the Upper Quartile. The value that is halfway between the median and the bottom of the list is selected as the Lower Quartile.

The effects of globalisation on women

The effects of globalisation on women Although the term globalisation was only known to me from items on TV and in newspapers, I have tried to make a thorough analysis in this paper for my English course. I am not an economist, so the subject was rather new to me. In the different media, globalisation is usually dealt covered from an anti-globalisation angle. This raises the first very important question: is globalisation all negative or does a global economy also have merits? Unfortunately, because the subject is so extensive I have to narrow it down. I therefore choose to describe the participation of women in the process of globalisation. The paper is constructed around the following themes: à ¢-  What is globalisation? à ¢-  How does globalisation affect women? An introduction à ¢-  Participation of women in the economy Effects of export, economic foundation The Infant Industry Argument à ¢-  Womens representation in the political process à ¢-  Women and education à ¢-  Women and health à ¢-  Modern Day Slavery à ¢-  Violence against women à ¢-  The rise of NGOs à ¢-  An interview with an Usbek girl à ¢-  Conclusion à ¢-  What is globalisation? Being spread all over the world, that would be the literal definition of globalisation. With the means of modern technology and communication, used all over the world these days, we know almost immediately what is happening on the other side of the world. We get more connected with each other and, as a consequence, we become evermore dependant on one another. Our world has increasingly become a unity, because globalisation establishes itself on a political, economic, social and cultural level and these four groups are related. The term globalisation is not new, some say that the process started in the 15th century when the Europeans or more specific the Portuguese and Spanish wanted to expand and travelled oversees, thus conquering the South and Middle-American continent. Also bear in mind the battle between the English, French and Belgians over Africa. Other sources state that globalisation began in the early eighties thanks to new information technologies such as the Internet. As a result of this globalisation, the economies of different countries met and were forced to cooperate, necessitating the construction of one system so all economies could merge. In order to realise globalisation as we know it at present it is critical that some companies and less powerful concerns are gradually replaced by big and powerful multinationals and big monetary companies. But globalisation is a much bigger process than the mere increase of international trade and foreign investments. When we take a look at companies in Belgium, we notice a strong mobility of capital and workers. Globalisation is a global realisation of a world economy; custom houses are no longer needed and therefore abolished, prices increase so the returns of companies grow bigger. We aim for as much privatisation as possible where companies part of the public sector are transferred to the private sector. à ¢-  How does globalisation affect women? An introduction. The United Nations watches over the rights of all people, including women. It estimates that over 58 million primary-school-aged girls worldwide are not enrolled in school, more than two-thirds of the worlds births occur outside health facilities. Many countries, among which the United States of America have not signed or ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). It is not very difficult to see that the life of women has greatly improved since globalisation, particularly in third world countries where women had a lot of catching up to do. Nevertheless, the development of women in areas of life such as education, health and civil rights is still very limited. According to the United States Agency for International Development and the World Bank, 55% (of a total of 72 million) of female primary-school-aged children do not attend school. Furthermore, when they do receive the opportunity to get an education, it is less likely that they complete their primary school compared to boys. International communities, such as the United Nations, use and monitor indicators of gender equality. In 2010 the United Nations wrote their UNs Millennium Development Goals in which they verify gender equality and the empowerment of women. Some of the indicators of gender equality used by the United Nations are levels of female enrolment at school, participation in the workplace and representation in decision-making positions and political institutions. Many international conferences have discussed the various and unique problems women have to face. The UN have created a new identity: United Nations Women. It controls gender equality and the implementation of laws regarding female rights. à ¢-  Participation of women in the economy Effect of export, economic foundation A close inspection of a few economic principles reveals that a country benefits from trade with other countries. We can safely say that a countrys welfare increases as soon as it becomes an exporting country. If the world price for a product is higher than the domestic price, a country will export its goods. By doing so, the total surplus increases. On the other hand, when the world price is lower than the domestic price, the country must import goods to have an increase in total surplus. Either way, a countrys welfare will always increase by setting up trade. The Infant Industry Argument Many third world countries are convinced they should follow the theory described in economic literature as The Infant Industry Argument, stating that trade restrictions will help a developing industry to get started. These countries think that their industry will be able to compete with foreign competitors after a period of protection. However, there are many reasons why economists are sceptical about this protectionalism. First of all, these restrictions are difficult to put into practice. Some questions the government will be faced with are: which industry will be profitable? and will the benefit of establishing these industries exceed the cost for consumers? Dont forget the problem of protection mostly going to those companies that are politically powerful. Also, it is very hard to remove this temporary policy. In addition, many economists are sceptical about the infant industry argument, even in principle. When the industry is unable to compete, but can prove profitable in the long run, the owners of the firms should be willing to incur losses. After a while, they can obtain possible profit. So, by being an exporting country, a quicker economic grow is more likely and consequently, a country that wants to expand its economy, has to be able to put many people at work. In that hypothesis, women have to be part of the working class. Closer inspection of different third world countries shows that womens employment varies greatly. In some countries in the Middle East participation of women in the local economy is the greatest of the world. In East-Asia 67 % of all women is working while the global average is 53%. On the other hand we find very few women being part of the working population in some Arab countries, for example only 15 % in Saudi-Arabia. When we look at the reasons why there are so many and great differences in employment of women, we finally discover a difference in social-cultural factors. For example, many Maghreb countries believe that women cannot work. Likewise women are being tightly politically controlled in many Arabic countries, with laws describing what a woman should and should not do. Mostly, they have to stay at home and take care of the children and the household. Having said that, women are obviously called upon to contribute to the family earnings by going out to work when the family grows and the household increases. Yet, on the other hand, she is the first to give up her career and stay home as soon as she has children. This is not the only problem women face; in most countries, even in so-called developed ones, women are worse off than men. They earn less money for the same work and will not easily make it to decision-making jobs. More often than not women are to be found in such sectors as education and sanitation. So, what is the effect of globalisation on these issues? We can see that globalisation improves womens economic achievements; they will be able to earn and control their income and as such, empower themselves to negotiate their role and status in their household as well as in society. Countries must change their way on women because women are essential for the increase of the national economy. Employing only men will not be sufficient to reach that goal. The gains for women who work are double: womens employment does not only increase the economy, it also appears to improve child survival rate, family health and to reduce fertility rates. Unfortunately, the situation is not always positive. Even though a number of these countries are able to put women to work, the job is often dangerous or the working conditions are very bad. They even have to carry out jobs men turn down. Additionally, women have little rights concerning working hours, health care, privacy protection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ These gender-related problems arent restricted to underdeveloped countries, though. When looking at Europe, for instance, it is women who are most likely to be discharged in times of recession. Also, in most European countries, women still do not earn the same wages as men. It is less likely to find a woman in an important job than a man. Mostly, the reason is that men have the positions to hire people and often they think that a man is a safer choice. In some companies it is customary not to employ women in their fertile years, because of the cost of having to employ a substitute during the womans maternity leave. Organisations such as Human Rights Watch zealously battle for legal protection of women labourers. They also want to strengthen their legal protection and ensure easy access to legal resources. By doing so, they aim to increase participation in work as a positive development for women, when the law is on their side, men will give them the opportunity to work outside the household. Still, every beginning is hard. Underlying factors have to be changed before serious progress can be made. As the United Nations stated: Women have entered the labour force in unprecedented numbers, increasing the potential for their ability to participate in economic decision making at various levels, starting with the household. à ¢-  Womens representation in the Political Process Many international agreements discuss the goal of gender equality, yet many local governments lack female participation. Nevertheless, increased representation of women in decision making is crucial for the empowerment of women. World conferences like the Beijing Fourth World Conference and the Millennium Development Goals recommend several programs for this purpose. However, when we investigate recent data we notice that the process is slow and the outcome around the world is very different. Many organisations such as the Women Leaders Initiative, created by the World Economic Forum tried to up the participation of women in global economy, by increasing the representation of women leaders at global summits. The target internationally agreed upon is a female representation of 30 %. In 2010, 26 countries, among which Belgium and the Netherlands, reached this target. Some governments pulled through by introducing quotas for womens political participation. But increasing womens representation is not the only issue governments have to deal with. When women arrive in decision-making jobs by quota, they do not only have to be present, but they also have to be genuinely involved in the actual decision making process. Unfortunately, not all women are fully prepared for the job. In the new Bulgarian parliament, for example, women secured 26% of the votes (40% of the eligible positions were occupied by women as a result of campaigns by NGOs). But after the election a study showed that women were not fully prepared for their career. They apparently did not want to represent womens rights or interests. Currently, only 9 countries around the world have a female leader. à ¢-  Women and education Where education is concerned, research yields very different results in different places. In a number of African countries, women cant go to primary school, for instance. This situation is completely the opposite in some Asian countries where there are more women than men in secondary schools. Generally speaking, girls in the poorest countries have the lowest chance of getting an education. Yet school attendance is not the only issue we have to measure; illiteracy is an extremely important problem, seeing that 64% of all illiterate adults worldwide are women. Illiteracy is one of the indicators used by the UN Millennium Development Goal to progress gender equality. The international community hopes, and I quote the Levin Institute, to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education in all levels of education no later than 2015. We know that education is very important, educated women stand a slimmer chance of living in poverty, hence alleviating poverty in general. Non-governmental organisations such as the UNESCO also state that female education has positive effects on child health and provides other members of the household the chance to educate themselves. Furthermore, women who have enjoyed an education participate more in the economy. When looking at extremely poor countries which are mostly rural, women are not likely to complete any type of schooling. Yet, education is a basic human right and as such defined in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. The World Education Forum hopes to see changes in attitudes, values and practices to end gender inequality. The UNESCO noted that, especially in poor African countries, it is not the policy that holds women back. A Girls education is not valued in many societies because women have to take care of the household. Therefore only boys can receive an education, because they have to learn skills to work outside the home. In some countries it is very difficult to go to school because of the distance. Primary schools are usually near the home, but because secondary schools are at a considerable distance, they are often not attended because if they do attend the children have to leave home. Exposing girls to the outside world seems not important . Their place is at home, doing the household. The only knowledge they need for cooking and caring for others, they learn from their mothers and older sisters. Another problem is that schools do not provide with adjusted sanitary facilities for girls. So governments have to fund schools to build lavatories for males and females. In some countries, families are offered a small fee if they send their girls to school. To eliminate fraud, the salary will only be given to the family after the children have passed their exams. By doing so, parents are also affected in the process of change. Globalisation provides the world with the opportunity to make changes. Global organisation can monitor all countries and set up rules so that women get the power they need. By giving them an education they are also given the opportunity to speak for themselves. à ¢-  Women and health Poor health is a problem numerous developing countries have to face. Reasons are limited services or access to them, lack of education and too little information about health issues. When looking at the situation of women, it is evident that they are also affected by other problems concerning health. For example, mal nutrition, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy complications. Although in many cultures women are the first to take care of others who are in need, they are often the last to receive medical treatment themselves. Organisations such as the World Bank try to educate women by teaching them how to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases like HIV. In some countries in Africa and Asia the contamination with HIV has taken the form of an epidemic among women. Studies show that women are twice as likely to be infected with contagious diseases than men, especially due to a lack of information and education. The reason that women are more affected is to be explained by gender inequality. Women are not in the position to refuse sex or to demand the use of a condom. By promoting gender equality, womens rights organisations try to improve the bad position of girls and women. Women have to be taught to speak up for themselves and control their own lives, they have to show resistance to the often very dominating males. Educational programs developed by organisations such as the UNIFEM provide them with information about nutrition in order to have a healthier life. This is not only useful for the women themselves, but the whole household will benefit by it. One of the most important issues non- governmental organisations have to deal with is maternal health, especially when realising that the majority of maternal deaths can be prevented. In many cultures the life of a woman is worth less than the time necessary to bring her to a health centre. Often the family waits too long to seek medical help so that the woman dies before even getting to a hospital. Only by giving women proper health care and information, the number of deaths during child birth can be reduced. Via special programs women are pointed out the dangers of breast feeding when the mother is HIV positive. Along with the information regarding the risks for the baby, the mothers are offered milk powder and bottles to feed the little ones. Another very delicate problem is that of abortion. In many cultures pregnancy termination is prohibited and women have no rights to argue. Birth control methods are not used and in some religions even forbidden so that women are almost always pregnant. This way the pressure on the household is enormous, frequently with poverty as a result. Also women who have many children to look after have no time left to go out. They have nowhere for a little bit of privacy or tranquillity. The issue of birth control brings us to another problem women in poor countries have to deal with. Because abortion is not debatable, some women seek refuge in unsafe abortions as last resort when they want to terminate a pregnancy without the family knowing. These issues remain controversial, not only in third world countries but in all countries with religious societies such as Catholic and Muslim countries. Nevertheless, scientific studies show a connection between poverty and the number of children a woman has. When the poverty of women decreases, the fertility rate increases. Also, a woman who has less children to take care of is able to give these children a better education and development. The Human Rights Commission identifies the practices most threatening to women as (I quote): Female circumcision, known as female genital mutilation to its opponents, which involves the excision of a womans external sexual organs; Other forms of mutilation, such as facial scarring; Various nutritional taboos; Traditional practices associated with childbirth; The problem of dowries in some parts of the world; Honor killing The consequences of preference for male babies, such as parental neglect and infanticide of female babies. In some countries women have to face genital mutilation on religious grounds. That practice has been described by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as an insult to human rights. It shows a lack of dignity from the part of men and a lack of equality between men and women. à ¢-  Modern Day slavery Some women who lead a bad life in poverty believe they can find a better life in a developed country. They are sometimes exploited by organisations who trick them into forced labour or sexual exploitation. Globalisation made it easier to move people around the world and people get in touch with organisations who promise a better life faster. Often they are taken to a developed country with the promise of a job as a nanny or housekeeper, but when they arrive they end up in prostitution. These women do not have the opportunity to react because they depend on the person who brought them there. The traffickers hold on to the necessary papers to keep these victims in the country. Seeing they cannot get in touch with the authorities, they are forced to live an illegal life. We often see that especially women of lower class groups are vulnerable. Also the political and economic crisis in some countries contributes to the trafficking of women, as it turns out to be a very lucrative business. When talking of human trafficking we are in fact dealing with international criminal organisations, meaning, highly mobile structures that are difficult to prosecute. In some countries we find members of the local government involved in this illegal business. Also, when a certain suspect is caught and brought to justice, it is very difficult to find witnesses or victims willing to testify against these traffickers. Because of the international character of the organisations, many people fear for their lives and those of their family members. In some Asian countries children often end up in the sex industry. Non-governmental organisations try to inform the parents about the potential dangers of illegal sex trade, the risks of HIV and the legal penalties involving the issue. Not only non-governmental organisations take action, also some governments state it is illegal to travel for the purpose of sex tourism. By discouraging people to take part of the sex industry, the government can diminish the problems. à ¢-  Violence against women (VAW) NGOs provide for rules to combat VAW. In Egypt, for example, women who were treated violently can receive legal advice and counselling on the one hand and help with other issues such as divorce and housing on the other hand. NGOs also control the implementation of laws and policies, which is a big challenge because some informants underreport or are biased (do not want to report family or friends). Another problem is the wrong interpretation of the laws.could you provide an example? It is not entirely clear as such There is also bureaucracy; in some countries, even developed ones like the US, VAW programs are diffused across different political tendencies. The government does not want to take part for a determinate side. This is not clear In poor countries in the developing world, there is not enough money to spend on programs to inform on violence against women. They often do not have the financial infrastructure to combat VAW. Because of the intervention of NGOs, people have become aware of the problem and pressure coming from the community increases. However, when violent behaviour is met with punishment, support from the community is lacking. Abuse still occurs, but when all members of society are involved to fight the problem, the number of incidents of abuse will decrease. à ¢-  The rise of NGOs As a result of globalisation, various organisations defend the rights of women around the world. In the last 50 years, many non-governmental organisations defending women and womens rights were founded. They work on different themes such as education, medical aid, development and so forth. As a result of their work, we will now find great female political leaders, even in underdeveloped countries like Benin. Those women inspire a lot of other women to educate themselves and fight for their equality. à ¢-  An interview with an Usbek girl Nastaya Buchok is an Usbek girl of 13 years old. She participated in a girls project that provides encouragement, support and training to select a group of young computer-orientated girls, sponsored by the International Research and Exchanges Board. This is what globalisation has done for her: Globalisation has really affected her life and that of other women too. Thanks to the program she learned that women can also be leaders and can build a future for themselves. When she has completed the program, she wants to cooperate with Youth Organisations. She says that technology can improve the status of women so they can become leaders in their community and be on the same level as men. à ¢-  Conclusion While reading about the subject of globalisation I found many pros and contras. The study on which I based my paper, mostly talks about positive results of globalisation, where women are concerned. Globalisation provides them with the opportunity to get an education and offers them the chance to stand up for themselves. Many non-governmental organisations which are zealously fighting for womens rights have been founded as a result of globalisation. In many underdeveloped countries women think that leading a life that is dominated by men is normal. They do not know what freedom means or that they have as many rights regarding education, health, politics and so on as men do. Now they are given a voice, the chance to develop. They get the opportunity to make a difference. By training, education, providing services and support the NGOs offer help to suppressed women. There are people who are lobbying with governments and international organisations for better policies. The process of change is very slow, but every result, even a tiny one, can make a big difference later. Because women are the ones who educate the children, the results can be seen after one generation already. If we are able to give the women of today a proper education, they will see the importance of going to school and then they will send their children to school. By doing so their children do not have to struggle to get an education, it will be the normal thing to do. If women are informed on how to build a healthy life, everyone in the family will benefit from it. Children have less chance to be undernourished and so less children will die. We can turn the tide so that mortality among children decreases. When women know how to protect themselves against diseases like HIV, the number of orphans will decrease as well as the number of children who are born with HIV or who will get contaminated by their mother because she is ignorant of the consequences of breastfeeding a child while being HIV positive. Working women have their own income, which will make them less dependent of their husbands. It also gives them a chance to build up a social network outside the home and away from the influence of the family. In every way, being in contact with other partners in adversity, they can widen their horizon. However, going outside is not self-evident for women in many societies and some religions speak negatively of women who are working. If a woman can secure a job in politics, they can fight the battle for their female population, because not every woman has the ability or the nerve to stand up for her rights. So, having strong women in politics who speak up and fight their battles for womens rights zealously, all womens situation can improve. In order to get more women to occupy important political mandates, NGOs set quota for the countries. As a result of this positive discrimination some countries already succeeded in having one-third of female politicians. A lot of woman are oppressed by their husband or his family. When we have politicians who know the problems women have to face and want to defend womens rights, laws can be made to help the weaker ones. The UN offers guidelines to countries to develop themselves and set rules to prevent atrocities like human mutilation. In the last paragraph I have given my personal conclusion on the subject globalisation and women. But I must admit that globalisation is a much more complex matter. I did not speak about the economic, environmental and cultural aspects of it. When I discussed the effect of globalisation on women, it all seemed positive. But the fact that we can travel all over the world in only 24 hours and that we in Belgium, for example, know that there has been an earthquake in Japan within a second also has negative consequences. Through globalisation many local cultures disappear and a new, multicultural society comes into existence. Because there is no break (what do you mean by this?) on economic globalisation, some natural sources are overexploited. In the early days, people only took what their society needed, now big companies reclaim without thinking of the consequences for the environment or without looking at the future. The only thing of importance is profit. Also, big companies grind down the population by putting people at work for starvation wages. They often are not averse to child labour. Another disadvantage of companies going abroad for the production of goods is that people in the rich countries are unemployed because factories are closing. When we put all the pros and contras together, globalisation is in many ways a blessing, especially in third world countries and for people who are discriminated or suffer disadvantages. Both mens and womens lives have improved and will continue to do so. Also it is thanks to globalisation that organisations like the United Nations, Unicef the WHO and other non- governmental organisation have been founded and that, as a consequence, the rights of the weak participants in all societies are defended. Those organisations take a look at the whole picture and every individual in it. NGOs watch that the Human Rights are being observed and take action if they are violated.

If Only They?d Listened To Pig :: essays research papers

If Only They’d Listened to Piggy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the novel Piggy’s character is used to represent the intellectual side of man and act almost like an adult figure to the boys. There are many things that he does and that Golding says to support this. Three things come to mind that represent his place in the novel; he is a clear thinker, his appearance, and his symbolic losses throughout the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right off the beginning we see evidence of Piggy’s thinking ability. He realizes the boys’ situation and is thinking about how they are going to survive. He says â€Å"We got to find the others, we got to do something.† We then see indication of his intelligence, he says, â€Å"A conch†¦he used to blow it†¦ he kind of spat†¦ you blew from down here.† Only a bright person would know the name of a rare shell and how to blow it to make a noise. Further on at the end of chapter two Piggy compares the fire on the mountain to the fires of hell. It almost like he can â€Å"see† what is going to happen to the kids. Also he says â€Å"acting like a crowd of kids† as if was the adult on the island trying to help the â€Å"kids†. More proof of his clear thinking is the fact that Ralph relies on Piggy’s good advice to succeed. Without Piggy, Ralph would be lost. As the story progresses we see the boys drif t apart however we see Piggy try to retain order as an adult might. When there is going to be a fight he says, â€Å"Come away. There’s going to be trouble. And we’ve had our meat.† He realizes the intensity of the situation and tries to stop any altercation. The boys continue to drift apart but Ralph and Piggy continue to be friends. In particularly, after the killing of Simon, Piggy tries as best as he can to support Ralph although he realizes they were a party to the violent death. He says, â€Å"You stop it. What good are you doing talking like that.† Although his is wise no one seems to listen to him except for Ralph, those who didn’t respect him may wish they had.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Piggy’s role as a grown-up mainly backed up by what he says and his actions, however his appearance is symbolic of his role in the novel. He is fat, â€Å"bad-looking†; it is this which leads to the boys lack of respect for him.

Nirvana - Nevermind :: essays research papers fc

History of Rock and Roll There possibly isn't an album in history that is as genre defining as Nirvana's Nevermind. Released in 1991, it single handedly was responsible for the birth of what became to be known as grunge and has gone on to sell over 10 million copies in the United States alone (Stuessy, Joe). It reached number 1 in 1991 and was the first album to bring Seattle grunge to the mainstream audience (Stuessy, Joe). Nevermind is a mix of slow, dark songs and fast paced grunge rock songs. With its grinding guitars, pounding drums, and lead singer, Kurt Cobain's distinctive voice, Nevermind found a distinctive way to fuse alternative punk with 70's rock (Nirvana, Nevermind). The biggest influential song on Nirvana’s Nevermind album was the first song, â€Å"Smells Like Teen Spirit.† It reached number 6 on the Top 40 Charts. This song was groundbreaking for Nirvana and the alternative music scene as a whole. After the release of â€Å"Smells Like Teen Spirit,† white, middle-class youth of the United States finally had a style of music to call their own and express their â€Å"teenage anthems† (Stuessy, Joe). This was the first song to emerge from alternative rock and to be known in the mainstream of rock and roll, expressing their generation’s expectations, â€Å"...here we are now, entertain us†(Stuessy, Joe). â€Å"Smells like Teen Spirit† was Curt Cobain’s â€Å"attempt to write the ultimate pop song†(Nevermind, Nirvana). He used the soft-loud dynamics of his favorite band, the Pixies. The insidious hooks also showed his admiration for the Beatle’s John Lennon(Nevermind, Nirvana). Th e style used in this song is simple, plain, loud, and straight-forward. Musically, there is nothing very â€Å"innovative† or difficult. However, the reason it is important to rock history is because it brought America’s attention to the once before underground style of grunge. â€Å"A driving drum beat, powered by Novelsek’s rhythmic bass, and a memorable guitar riff and solo, mix perfectly with Kurt Cobain’s depressing yet humorous lyrics† (Kastner, Patrick). While it has certainly been overplayed in the past years, it is still an essential part of Rock history. â€Å"Come As You Are† and â€Å"Polly† showcase that Nirvana were not only a band interested in seeing people jump up and down and scream at shows. Many people, fans and celebrities alike consider â€Å"Polly† to be Kurt Cobain’s most well written song. â€Å"Polly†, number six, is a story of a girl who got molested and tortured and sexually abused. Nirvana - Nevermind :: essays research papers fc History of Rock and Roll There possibly isn't an album in history that is as genre defining as Nirvana's Nevermind. Released in 1991, it single handedly was responsible for the birth of what became to be known as grunge and has gone on to sell over 10 million copies in the United States alone (Stuessy, Joe). It reached number 1 in 1991 and was the first album to bring Seattle grunge to the mainstream audience (Stuessy, Joe). Nevermind is a mix of slow, dark songs and fast paced grunge rock songs. With its grinding guitars, pounding drums, and lead singer, Kurt Cobain's distinctive voice, Nevermind found a distinctive way to fuse alternative punk with 70's rock (Nirvana, Nevermind). The biggest influential song on Nirvana’s Nevermind album was the first song, â€Å"Smells Like Teen Spirit.† It reached number 6 on the Top 40 Charts. This song was groundbreaking for Nirvana and the alternative music scene as a whole. After the release of â€Å"Smells Like Teen Spirit,† white, middle-class youth of the United States finally had a style of music to call their own and express their â€Å"teenage anthems† (Stuessy, Joe). This was the first song to emerge from alternative rock and to be known in the mainstream of rock and roll, expressing their generation’s expectations, â€Å"...here we are now, entertain us†(Stuessy, Joe). â€Å"Smells like Teen Spirit† was Curt Cobain’s â€Å"attempt to write the ultimate pop song†(Nevermind, Nirvana). He used the soft-loud dynamics of his favorite band, the Pixies. The insidious hooks also showed his admiration for the Beatle’s John Lennon(Nevermind, Nirvana). Th e style used in this song is simple, plain, loud, and straight-forward. Musically, there is nothing very â€Å"innovative† or difficult. However, the reason it is important to rock history is because it brought America’s attention to the once before underground style of grunge. â€Å"A driving drum beat, powered by Novelsek’s rhythmic bass, and a memorable guitar riff and solo, mix perfectly with Kurt Cobain’s depressing yet humorous lyrics† (Kastner, Patrick). While it has certainly been overplayed in the past years, it is still an essential part of Rock history. â€Å"Come As You Are† and â€Å"Polly† showcase that Nirvana were not only a band interested in seeing people jump up and down and scream at shows. Many people, fans and celebrities alike consider â€Å"Polly† to be Kurt Cobain’s most well written song. â€Å"Polly†, number six, is a story of a girl who got molested and tortured and sexually abused.

Analysis of Billings Article, Are Women in Management Victims of the P

Introduction This research paper will discuss a paper published in volume 18 of Gender, Work and Organization (ISSN 0968-6673), in the Human Resource Management and Employment Studies field, titled â€Å"Are Women in Management Victims of the Phantom of the Male Norm?† (Billing 2011). Yvonne Due Billing is an Associate Professor working at the Department of Sociology in the University of Copenhagen. She has more than 60 published research contributions to book/anthology/report, working papers and contribution to conferences (University of Copenhagen 2011). I will first discuss the general approach and rationale. This includes the research question; the research topic, its assumptions and hypothesis; and the research philosophy. Although this research paper could be evaluated in a number of ways and from different angles, I will focus upon the data collection methods. Starting with the literature review (secondary data collection), primary citations / sources, up to the usage of theoretical concepts inherited from the literature. Thereafter the primary data collection method will be assessed. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations will be offered. General approach and rationale Women in managerial roles has been a topic of debate for many decades. The advancement of women into position of power and influence in organisations has seen a steady rise, contributing to the equality of opportunity, in the last years (ILO 2004). However, the management gender commonplace is still considered to be a barrier. Indeed, in a worldwide overview of women in management, Berthoin and Izraeli (2002), reckon that the most important obstacle faced by female managers in industrialized nations is the stereotype that links management ... .../abs_lightningwintro.pdf> [accesed on 3/6/2011] Heilman, M., Wallen, A.S., Fuchs, D., and Tamkins, M. (2004) Penalties for success: reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 416-427. ILO (2004) Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management, Update, 2004, International Labour Organization, Geneva. Locke, K. (2001) Grounded Theory in Management Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd University of Copenhagen. (2011). Department of Sociology - Profiles. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 6/6/2011] West, C. and Zimmerman, D. (1987) Doing gender, Gender & Society, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 125–51. Wiley-Black (2011) [TITLE] Gender, Work & Organization. [online] com/journal.asp?ref=0968-6673> [Accessed on 14/06/2011]. Analysis of Billing's Article, Are Women in Management Victims of the P Introduction This research paper will discuss a paper published in volume 18 of Gender, Work and Organization (ISSN 0968-6673), in the Human Resource Management and Employment Studies field, titled â€Å"Are Women in Management Victims of the Phantom of the Male Norm?† (Billing 2011). Yvonne Due Billing is an Associate Professor working at the Department of Sociology in the University of Copenhagen. She has more than 60 published research contributions to book/anthology/report, working papers and contribution to conferences (University of Copenhagen 2011). I will first discuss the general approach and rationale. This includes the research question; the research topic, its assumptions and hypothesis; and the research philosophy. Although this research paper could be evaluated in a number of ways and from different angles, I will focus upon the data collection methods. Starting with the literature review (secondary data collection), primary citations / sources, up to the usage of theoretical concepts inherited from the literature. Thereafter the primary data collection method will be assessed. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations will be offered. General approach and rationale Women in managerial roles has been a topic of debate for many decades. The advancement of women into position of power and influence in organisations has seen a steady rise, contributing to the equality of opportunity, in the last years (ILO 2004). However, the management gender commonplace is still considered to be a barrier. Indeed, in a worldwide overview of women in management, Berthoin and Izraeli (2002), reckon that the most important obstacle faced by female managers in industrialized nations is the stereotype that links management ... .../abs_lightningwintro.pdf> [accesed on 3/6/2011] Heilman, M., Wallen, A.S., Fuchs, D., and Tamkins, M. (2004) Penalties for success: reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 416-427. ILO (2004) Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management, Update, 2004, International Labour Organization, Geneva. Locke, K. (2001) Grounded Theory in Management Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd University of Copenhagen. (2011). Department of Sociology - Profiles. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 6/6/2011] West, C. and Zimmerman, D. (1987) Doing gender, Gender & Society, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 125–51. Wiley-Black (2011) [TITLE] Gender, Work & Organization. [online] com/journal.asp?ref=0968-6673> [Accessed on 14/06/2011].

Hair Dresser

Yesterday,the woman got a $50 coupon from one of her friend,and she use this coupon to a fancy Manhattan salon,with her coupon in hand,and the sun was shone happily,she sat in a purple chair,surrounded by glistening mirrors . As stylists fussed and buzzed around their well-heeled clients,and she saw the stylist walking toward her with a greeted smile. After the woman had settle down and he asked her what it was the hair that she wanted,she showed him coupled passages of hair styles she had ripped from magzines,and he seedmed to appreciate her pendant for trying new things. he was warren beatty in shampoo,holding his hair dryer with that certain movie-star swagger. And because of stylist appearance so the woman put her trust on the stylist hand,and fallin sleep. About thirty minutes passed,by the end of the qpointment,then the woman opened her eyes and looked into the mirro,she was astonished that the stylist had ruined her hair,and it looked totally bad,the woman then screamed†My hair! You ruined my hair! †The stylist looked scared and the stylist said†I’m so sorry,I apologize for all my mistakes,I accidently took a wrong bottle of dye and ruined your hair,and I could help you to dye your hair again if you want. †Ã¢â‚¬ yes! yes! The woman yelled out. Everyone was laugh at her,and the sun ouside the hair salon shone more happily.

The Yellow Wallpaper Analysis Paper

Individuality and the importance of upholding women’s rights, such as viewing a woman as a respectable, free-willed human being, are the essential truths established in Charlotte Perkin Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Through the development of the narrator Gilman uses symbolism and imagery to awaken the reader to the reality of what a woman’s life was like in the 1800’s. Analysis of the symbolism throughout the story reveals that the author was not only testifying to the social status of the women in society but specifically giving insight into her personal life, and what she was subjected to. What appeared to be a mere, contrite story to many readers, was actually a successful strike at the wrong mindset that society possessed at that time. The narrator was a woman who experienced these difficulties. Living in a house with her husband, John, she was confined to a spacious, sunlit room that contained hideous yellow wallpaper that she despised. Against her better judgment she was not permitted to write, draw, or work, but simply rest. Soon the wallpaper she detested became her only stimulus. She examined it by day and night, and began to see patterns develop and figures form. The vague figures took the shape of a woman trapped behind bars, constantly searching for a way out. The narrator sympathized with the enslaved woman, and began to contemplate ways to save her. The narrator becomes paranoid around her husband and the babysitter who she thinks are also trying to unmask the wallpapers true meaning. Finally the narrator becomes frantic and is reduced to a state of disillusion. The author draws the story to an end, with the narrator tearing down the wallpaper and exclaiming that she finally released the woman behind it. The wallpaper itself was not the cause of the narrator’s madness. Her husband thought that she was suffering from a nervous depression and concluded that it was in her best interest to be prescribed the rest cure, confined to a room and isolated from her normal activities. This confinement and lack of freedom to live a normal life drove the narrator to examine the wallpaper, which was her only individual freedom left. Because of the narrator’s madness, she was unable to make the connection between the woman behind the wallpaper and herself. The narrator felt trapped, like the woman in the wallpaper, due to her domineering husband, her lack of individuality and personal freedom of choice, as well as the prejudices suppressing her from society at large. The narrator’s life was parallel to the author’s life. Gilman, like the narrator was subject to a confinement, cut off from society. She found individuality and freedom through her writing but it was abruptly ended by a doctor’s diagnosis stating that these activities were not healthy. The doctor prescribed the rest cure for Gilman; she was to live â€Å" as domestic a life as far as possible, to have but two hours intellectual life a day, and to never touch a pencil, brush or pencil again. † She went home and followed the doctor’s orders for 3 months, and became even more mentally unstable than before. Soon she decided to break the doctors orders, and began to work again, and to continue her previous routine of everyday life. Gilman’s decision to exert her God- given ability to choose what she thought best resulted in her becoming a strong individual. She wrote the â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† as an attempt to change the way women were viewed and to express the importance of individuality. Her purpose â€Å"was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy. † The author succeeded in her attempt to convey the need for individuality. Several times throughout the story, the narrator expressed her want to write, work, spend leisure times outdoors, and to leave the room. Her failure to carryout her desires resulted in insanity. Not only did she have her husband working against her, but she also had society’s opinion at large to her disadvantage. During the 1800s, the only â€Å"right† workplace for women was at home. Women were viewed as incompetent, and as beings that were not able to think for themselves. The narrator in the â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† knew nothing in her husband’s eyes. Her feelings were not relevant, but were instead pushed aside and counted worthless. Although the narrator never came to grips with the need for individuality, the reader can imagine how different the circumstances may have been if she had exercised her right to think and act freely. Thinking and acting freely was a rare occurrence in the women at large in the 1800s. In the first part of the short story on page 437, the narrator states â€Å"Personally I disagree with their ideas. Personally I believe that congenial work, with excitement, and change, would do me good. But what is one to do? † The narrator reveals her lack of confidence and of individuality when she remarks â€Å" But what is one to do? † She constantly discounts her feelings and continually discredits herself of any self- confidence she has left within her. Further down the page she articulates her hatred for the room and expresses her desire to move to another room downstairs, but once again places her feelings aside by saying â€Å"But John would not hear of it. † The author also succeeded tremendously with the symbolism of the woman trapped behind the wallpaper. The woman trapped behind the yellow wallpaper symbolizes the narrator’s fear of confronting her husband with her opinions and feelings, and also the desire to escape the room she finds herself in. Many women during this time had similar feelings to that of the narrator in the â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper. † The author set out to alter the mindset in women during her time. In this short story the woman trapped behind the wallpaper not only represents the narrator, but the majority of women in that time. On page 444, the author writes â€Å"Sometimes I think there are a great many women behind the wallpaper, and sometimes only one†¦ And she is all the time trying to climb through. But nobody could climb through that pattern- it strangles so. I think that is why it has so many heads. † This excerpt symbolizes the way women felt in her time. The way of thinking about women in that time was so strong, that not one woman thought they could escape the false stereotype that they had adopted unwillingly. In the author’s opinion, many women felt trapped and depressed, but felt that they could do nothing about it. It is evident that the author urged all of her women readers to escape the spirit of the opinions and notions of her time period, and to be an individual who expressed their feelings freely. Charlotte Perkins Gilman sought to communicate that women should be respected on the same level as men, and that women also had the ability to think rationally and independently. Thorough examination of the symbolism found in this short story finds that individuality is of utter necessity in overcoming difficult obstacles. The author’s attempt to teach women this principle succeeded in one of the greatest ways possible. Women of the past and present have escaped the stereotype of a typical 1800s woman and have created for themselves a workplace outside the home.

Main Causes of American Intervention in World War I

The war was between the Triple Entente-? Great Britain, Russia, and France-?and the Central Powers, which was comprised of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. The vast majority of Americans strongly designated themselves a neutral nation. They believed themselves morally superior to war and viewed it to be an unnecessary, primitive solution. Even President Woodrow Wilson immediately announced America's neutrality, after recently winning the presidential election in 1916 for his second consecutive term, bearing the campaign slogan â€Å"He kept us out of war. However, despite Minimal disapproval of World War l. Many controversial events and certain predictions caused the united States to teeter between the line of isolation and intervention. It was President Willow's strong guidance and insightful evaluations of foreign actions and domestic reactions that led to America's involvement in the Great War on April 6, 1917. Right from the start, both Germany and Britain quickly began spre ading propaganda, attempting to promote their own country motives and Justify their grounds for being in the war.Propaganda Is defined as information, Ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, Institution, or nation. Both nations were affecting public opinion, but in the summer of 1915, German doctor Heimlich Albert mistakenly put a halt to Germany's influence. Albert was a preventative of the German Information Service, an agency that was responsible for dispersing rumors in the United States. As he quickly rushed to board his train, he unknowingly left his briefcase, containing German propaganda.After It was recovered by an American secret service agent, the documents and their purpose were quickly known throughout the nation, giving citizens a negative perception of Germany. British propaganda was also in circulation, and although this possibility was known by the American population, it was never proved, making it difficult to deciphe r reliable information from exaggerated. Generally these ideas proposed hat it was German aggression that was responsible for the provocation of the war In Europe, and the Allies-?the Triple Entente-?were simply fighting In defense of collocation gallant tenet Darrell opposition.Germany was salsa to nave uses â€Å"ruthless, militaristic war tactics† and to have an autocratic society, which contested America's democratic society. In an effort to coax American entry, Britain asserted that the war was unfolding in their favor, and the outcome seemed promising. However, they were actually in financial straits and struggling to survive, but they did not want America to think the war was a lost cause. Ironically, this assurance had an opposite effect on America's willingness to assist them.The public proclaimed that if the Triple Entente expected victory, then American intervention would be a pointless waste of money, resources, and lives. Germany's war tactics and disregard towar d the rules of engagement of war also negatively impacted America's Judgment of them. Early in the war Germany invaded Belgium, a country that pronounced its neutrality as America did, and fought on the soil of an unwilling nation. While occupying Belgium for more than four years, the Germans shot thousands of civilians, dotted and burned towns, and deported civilians, forcing them to assemble weapons and build defenses.The German chancellor referred too peace treaty written in agreement between the two nations as a â€Å"scrap of paper. † This disrespect to the wishes of Belgium was later called â€Å"The Rape of Belgium† and portrayed English- speaking countries as defenders of freedom. To add to Germany's misconduct, the tactics that they used during the war appalled the American nation. They deployed â€Å"dirigible† bombardments on cities, which was combat through a blimp-like airship. This aerial attack would stream poisonous gas over enemy areas, impartia lly taking he lives of both innocent civilians and soldiers.An inhumane and deadly technique such as this had previously been unknown to the world. Similarly, the engagement of submarine warfare, with their newly developed U-boats, hurt Germany's cause in the battle for American support. Germany utilized their new technology of U-boats to destroy both enemy warships and merchant vessels of nonbelligerent nations, some of which contained American citizens, enraging the United States. U-boats were small, slow-moving, and vulnerable, but they were the first submarines the world had ever seen, so defending them was difficult, even for the world-renowned British navy.The Germans used this stealthy weapon to overcome the blockade that was implemented by the British fleet. The impenetrable fleet effectively prevented all trade ships containing weapons or food from reaching countries occupied by the Central Power, as well as neighboring neutral countries. They also cut all undersea communic ation cables. The German sinking of American ships the Louisiana and Sussex had the most significant response from the United States. It was after this complete disregard for U. S. Requests that Wilson concluded he could no longer imply ignore Germany's constant, rebellious insubordination.He began to realize that war was imminent. In 1915, U-boats sank the American merchant vessel the Louisiana, killing 128 American citizens. Still wanting to maintain neutrality, President Wilson reacted by merely demanding that Germany abide by protocol of restricted warfare, in addition to arming merchant vessels for defense. Germany agreed but then later declared unlimited warfare on all ships, openly admitting that â€Å"mistakes will be made. † In 1917, the U-boats sank another American vessel, the Sussex, killing another 25 Americans.Although Germany argued that it was difficult to identify the ship, Americans were clearly frustrated with their lack of discretion. Despite this Loosely AT Electroscope, American colleens exclusively continual to remain neutral. I nee reasoned that the few Americans taken by German U-boats were not worth risking the lives of the 100 million Americans that were left. Instead, they criticized Wilson for the tragedy. They claimed that he provoked the attack by being a â€Å"silent member† of the Allies through one-sided trade and allowing the expansion of their blockade without a diplomatic challenge.However, Woodrow Wilson maintained that he was imply learning from the mistakes that led to the War of 1812 and was motivated by neutrality by â€Å"trying to avoid unnecessary trouble. † In fact, when the United States learned of what later became known as the infamous Zimmerman Telegram, it was determined that the attack was offensive and would have occurred even if Wilson had contested the blockade. In January of 1917, British intelligence intercepted and deciphered a telegram sent from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to the German minister of Mexico, von Gerhardt.This occurred shortly after Germany sunk the Sussex, and it revealed Germany's true intentions toward the U. S. The telegram offered American territory to Mexico that America won during the Mexican- American War in the late sass's. In return, Germany requested that Mexico attack the United States if they should enter the Great War on the side of the Triple Entente, and to also request the aid of Japan. This clearly demonstrated that the sinking of the Sussex was an attack intended to lure America into the war, and Mexico, as well, to fight alongside Germany.Before this document was found, Wilson still chose neutrality in the face of American casualties, saying, â€Å"There is such a thing as a man Ewing too proud to fight. There is such a thing as a nation being so right that it does not need to convince others by force that it is right. † The telegram, along with encounters with Germany before the Great War, caused Wi lson to contemplate intervention. During the Spanish-American War, in 1898, many perceived Germany to be a potential threat to America's interests and security because of the similarities between the two nations.Both were Just beginning to establish themselves as great world powers that were rapidly industrialized and seeking overseas markets, naturally creating a rivalry. German interest in the Philippine Islands, West Indies, Galapagos Islands, and Haiti was also unsettling because it posed a threat to the completion of the Panama Canal, which was finished in August of 1914. Germany's desire to expand to the Western Hemisphere worried President Wilson, and the main deterrent of this expansion, until this point, had been from Britain's control over the Atlantic.Wilson, along with many others, feared that if the Central Powers overcame the Triple Entente, Germany would become the new naval supremacy, over Great Britain. This conclusion became known as the â€Å"realist appraisal. T he realist appraisal proclaimed that British victory was essential to American security, because they were needed by the United States to provide a balance of powers. It was widely agreed that America and Great Britain had paralleled interests. Without this balance of power, Germany would see no resistance if they decided to attack America.This claim was consistent in many people, including James W. Gerard, the American Ambassador to Germany, who said, â€Å"We are next on [Germany's] list,† if they won the war. With this risk in mind, the Monroe Doctrine quickly became Jeopardized. The Monroe Doctrine was institutionalized by President James Monroe in 1823 and was composed of three main concepts. The first stated that the Western Hemisphere of ten world would a De Innocence Day America, Ana ten Eastern Hemisphere Day Europe. The second and third concepts opposed colonization and intervention.With these concepts in mind, it is evident that the doctrine is likely to be violate d by Germany upon the victory of the Central Powers, because they would intervene in America's hemisphere. In order to preserve the proclamation, America's intervention was deed. The night before the United States announced its entrance into the war, the newly appointed secretary of state, Robert Lansing, wrote, The Allies must not be beaten. It would mean the triumph of autocracy over democracy; the shattering of all our moral standards; and real, although it may seem remote, peril to our independence and institutions.President Wilson desperately struggled to keep peace with Germany in order to save American lives, but his attempts were hopeless. He was aware that an Allied victory was more favorable to American interests, but he also believed that the war would leave Germany weak and unable to pose an immediate threat to America. In the years that Germany needed to recuperate its army and replenish resources, Wilson planned to strengthen the Ana and prepare for a possible war.Howe ver, upon Germany's denial of Willow's two peace proposals and the renewal of submarine warfare, which Germany had consistently added to over the last few years, the president's plan seemed too far away. Germany's lack of effort to come to peace with America predicted their intention on making America the next target sooner than expected. In addition to the influences by Lansing and future president Theodore Roosevelt, President Wilson realized that an intervention was more necessary than previously assumed, and he knew that he would need the support of his country if he was going to succeed in involving the nation.Primarily through propaganda, the U. S. Government caused the change in public opinion from isolation to intervention. Most of the nation continuously adhered to an isolationist prospective, but those who held the view of the realist appraisal also happened to be those in Eastern America who had a strong influence on public opinion. On April 13, the Committee on Public In formation (ICP) was assembled by President Wilson to conduct American propaganda in the United States and overseas.George Creel, the selected manager of the committee, called it the â€Å"world's greatest adventure in advertising,† because it essentially â€Å"advertised† the war to the American people. The three main themes that were portrayed were unity, the image of a despicable enemy, and the idea of a crusade for peace and freedom. They overwhelmed the press with so much information that it was practically impossible to determine what was exaggerated from what was not. Slowly, intervention began to gain nationwide support. Once Congress accepted a declaration for war from President Wilson, America would officially be in the war.Wilson addressed Congress for a declaration of war on April 2, 1917, through what has been claimed to â€Å"rank among the three or four greatest presidential speeches in American history. † He argued that in reality, America had bee n in the war ever since their vessels were sunk by German U-boats. Because of this, it was only logical to officially announce involvement in order to gain any advantages that it might bring. Wilson also emphasized that America was not at war with Germany but at war with the autocratic government instead. The world must be safe for democracy' was the point that he conveyed, and if the Central Powers won the war, democracy would, in fact, be in peril. Both George Washington Ana I mommas Jefferson warned against â€Å"entangling alliances† Ana promoted Isolation to avoid foreign wars. This attitude was maintained and universally accepted since the War of 1812, but this principle was no longer sufficient. Since the war in Europe began in 1914, countless events occurred that warranted U. S. Entry into the war, but they were all rationalized to maintain isolation.President Woodrow Wilson thoroughly examined what had happened up to that point and carefully calculated the events tha t would ensue, and he wisely decided to Join Great Britain on the side of the Triple Entente. He unified the nation and created universal support, which led to the Allied victory on November 1 1, 1918, preserving democracy for the world, along with the bright future of the United States. The end of the war marked a new era in history, one that held the United States at the pinnacle of the world's great powers. Endnotes

Probation: Prison and Federal Prisoners Returning

Probation is a type of sentence for criminal defendants. Probation allows a convicted defendant to go free with a suspended sentence for a specified duration during good behavior. Probationers are placed under the supervision of a probation officer and must fulfill certain conditions. If the probationer violates a condition of probation, the court may place additional restrictions on the probationer or order the probationer to serve a term of imprisonment. Probation is normally for offenders sentenced to short terms in jail: it is not combined with a long prison sentence. egal dictionary) Unsupervised, supervised, and intensive are the three types of probation. Intensive probationers are required to report daily to a probation officer and most times has an electronic monitoring system or they are on house arrest. Supervised probationers report to a probation officer once a month. Unsupervised probationers must follow the guidelines but do not have to report to a probation officer. Certain violent criminals and repeat offenders are not eligible for probation according to the statutory restrictions most states use to determine eligibility. Offenders placed on probation are subject to required conditions. There are standard conditions which all probationers have. Standard conditions include reporting to the probation office, reporting change of address, being employed, and not leaving the jurisdiction without permission. Punitive conditions are set to reflect the seriousness of the offense and make probation a little more painful. Examples of punitive conditions are fines, community service, victim restitution, house arrest, and drug testing. Treatment conditions make probationers deal with problems or needs, like substance abuse, family counseling, or vocational training ( Corrections: The Fundamentals) In the probation process a crime is committed and the offender is sentenced to probation. The second is the offender will have to follow several conditions or guidelines. The third would be to follow through with the probation and any other criteria the judge made and get off of probation After researching adults on probation on the BJS website it seems that there is always more state probation than federal. Also the number in state probation has significantly increased through the years. The federal probation has been like a rollercoaster starting low going high, going low and back to high. In the article by Allen J Beck State and Federal Prisoners Returning to the Community, it states that 42% of discharges from parole/conditional release supervision returned to prison/jail. Also 62% of released State prisoners are rearrested within 3 years; 41% returned to prison/jail. Doing some research on the highlights of three years I found; At yearend 2009, there were an estimated 5,018,900 adults under supervision in the community either on probation or parole the equivalent of about 1 out of every 47 adults in the U. S. Probationers (4,203,967) represented the majority (84%) of the community supervision population at yearend 2009, while parolees (819,308) accounted for a smaller share (16%). At yearend 2008, nearly 5. 1 million adults were under community supervision the equivalent of about 1 in every 45 adults in the United States. At yearend 2002, 1,440,655 prisoners were under the jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities. Looking at the Re entry trend it st ates at least 95% of all State prisoners will be released from prison at some point; nearly 80% will be released to parole supervision. In 2001, about 592,000 State prison inmates were released to the community after serving time in prison. All of this information is significant because it keeps a close eye on how many prisoners are released on probation and what percent of these prisoners did not follow through with it. According to the information from BJS it shows that probation effectiveness has its good times and its bad times. I think that probation is an effective form of community corrections as it can be. There is never a 100% effective way of stopping people from committing crime. If someone commits a crime even knowing the consequences, chances are they will do it again with or without probation. I think the government needs to focus on why people are committing crime and try to prevent crime before it happens. I also think that maybe there needs to be longer probation periods and harsher ones for repeat offenders. I also think that probation should be for less serious crimes and maybe for misdemeanors and not felonies.