Unbending Gender Essay Example for Free

Unbending Gender Essay Domesticity is a â€Å"gender system† that delineates organization of market work and family work and the â€Å"gender norms that justify, sustain, and reproduce that organization†. This is how Joan Williams defined domesticity in her book entitled Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do about It. Domesticity arose in the nineteenth century and it still remains entrenched in many forms in American Society today. This way of life separated market work and family work in both space and time. It sets up a system that market work is the realm of men while women are delegated to the sphere of â€Å"home making† and â€Å"parenting†. As a gender system, domesticity has two defining characteristics, Williams wrote. The first is that â€Å"organization of market work around the ideal of a worker who works full time and overtime and takes little or no time off for childbearing or child rearing†. The ideal workers in this system are those that can work full time, or in most cases with plenty of overtime. â€Å"Caregivers† or those assigned to the childbearing and rearing (women) cannot, therefore, perform as ideal workers given this structure. Thus the second defining characteristic of this system is â€Å"providing for caregiving by marginalizing caregivers, cutting them off from most of the social roles that offer responsibility and authority† (Williams, 1). This system of structuring market work and family work sustains the ideology of the defined roles of men and women. Men, who are supposedly aggressive and highly motivated, â€Å"naturally† belong to the market work. Women characterized as weak and soft belong to the home. Men provide for the needs of the family, taking very little time to participate in child rearing, leaving this mostly to women. This structure perpetuates the gender norms that define the role and performance of men as â€Å"breadwinner†, and women as â€Å"homemakers†. Before the nineteenth century market work and family work is the not isolated from each other. The rise of industries, businesses, and professionals, however, also created a new definition of the American middle class. It also brought forth new ideology about the home that arose from the new attitudes toward work and family. In article The Cult of Domesticity and True Womanhood the new middle class family is said to be different from the preindustrial family that may partly be the roots of this new ideology. These are: 1. A nineteenth-century middle-class family did not have to make what it needed in order to survive. Men could work in jobs that produced goods or services while their wives and children stayed at home. 2. When husbands went off to work, they helped create the view that men alone should support the family. Men belong in the public sphere or the world of work, and a woman’s place is the private sphere or home. 3. The middle-class family came to look at itself and at the nuclear family in general, as the backbone of society. (From The Cult of Domesticity and True Womanhood) The emergence of the market economy separated work away from home. Unlike before, the home is no longer seen as an economic unit in the community but rather as a self-contained unit separated the â€Å"rough world† of work. This new order of things created gender norms especially on women’s performance of duties as homemakers. They are expected to create a special place, â€Å"a refuge from the world where her husband could escape from the highly competitive, unstable, immoral world of business and industry†. Dubbed as the â€Å"Cult of Domesticity†, it espoused that True Women cultivate four virtues: piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. The virtue of piety is based on the belief that women are more religious than men. Religion is within the women’s sphere. Modern young women of the nineteenth century were also expected exercise purity in words, thoughts and deeds. Woman’s sexual purity is highly valued. Virginity is seen as the greatest treasure that a woman can bestow on her husband. Good women are also expected to keep in control men’s sexual needs and desires. The natural order of things also requires women to be submissive to fate, to duty, to God and to men. The Young Ladies Book summarized the passive virtues necessary in women: â€Å"It is certain that in whatever situation of life a woman is placed from her cradle to her grave, a spirit of obedience and submission, pliability of temper, and humility of mind are required of her† (qtd. In The Cult of Domesticity and True Womanhood).

Pornography †Government Censorship Will Never Promote Equality :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Pornography – Government Censorship Will Never Promote Equality Catharine Mackinnon seeks to be the Galileo of sexual inequality: the philosopher free of preconceptions who reveals a new structure, incorporating all known facts, radically different from anything previously understood. The structure Galileo overthrew was the Earth-centered universe. The structure Mackinnon must overthrow, in order to make the law do what she thinks it must, is the First Amendment- centered universe (though Mackinnon would probably say it was the pimp-centered universe; pimp is a favorite term of hers). If you have a hammer, everything looks like a nail; Mackinnon is a lawyer, so the law looks like the best way, or the only way, to solve the problem of pornography. If you divorce Mackinnon's conclusions from her prescriptions, you would have a valuable feminist scholar, calling attention to contexts and subtexts in our society previously ignored. But, as an attorney and law professor, Mackinnon must, to accomplish her goals, place herself squarely in confrontation with free speech. This is doubly sad, because the idea she presents us with is so valuable. Mackinnon's central idea is that pornography is the oppression of women; it is not simply talk about or advocacy of oppression. Thus, she argues, contrary to most Constitutional scholars, that pornography is not speech, but action. In Mackinnon's opinion, pornography acts against women twice, when it is made, and when it is viewed. First, women are degraded, raped and (in her belief) even killed in the making of pornographic pictures and films. Then, the pictures and films further participate in the degradation, rape and murder of women by the users of pornography. To cite just one example from Mackinnon's Only Words, Linda Marchiano, then known as Linda Lovelace, was beaten and threatened at gunpoint by her husband during the filming of Deep Throat. The movie then caused men to force women to try acts which Marchiano had only been able to perform under hypnosis. According to Mackinnon, numerous women were hospitalized directly as a result of the film; some were raped by strangers, others were coerced or raped by boyfriends. (Mackinnon and her colleague, Andrea Dworkin, do not really distinguish between rape and psychological coercion; in fact, to Dworkin, all heterosexual sex seems tantamount to rape.) While Mackinnon's world view, thus summarized, may sound extreme, a thought experiment is all that is really necessary to see the validity of her ideas.

Aquinas on Conscience Essay

For Aquinas. scruples is the act of using our cognition of good and evil to what we do ( or might make ) . So in order to ( of course ) know what is a good action or bad one. one needs to understand how things are of course ordered by God — chiefly what human nature is and what things it needs and deserves. This order which dictates what is good or evil behavior is called the Natural Law by Aquinas. God can and does besides preternaturally uncover what is and is non in conformity with his will. e. g. the Ten Commandments and Christ’s Two Great Commandments. One besides needs to use this cognition to what one does. and so one needs to be free to move in conformity with what one knows to be the Divine order of things. or non. Our scruples is our realisation that what we might make or hold done is good or non. but it is non the existent making or the choosing. On a proficient note. for Aquinas scruples is the act of understanding what is right and incorrect. though the name may be applied by extension to a wont or power of executing this act of understanding. The virtuousness of doing right judgements about right or incorrect. i. e. appropriate exercisings of scruples is called prudence. The ground that this is of import is that one can non make the right thing if one does non cognize what the right thing is. So. if person has jobs with their scruples. it does non look appropriate to fault them. Children do non hold to the full formed scrupless. and do non ever understand what the right thing to make is. If a kid does incorrect because he or she didn’t know any better. or because he or she thought it was the right thing to make. we do non ( or should non ) incrimination and penalize him or her. Aquinas hence believes that non merely is one excused from wrongdoing if one’s scruples is in mistake. one besides is bound to make the incorrect thing if one’s scruples tells one that it is the Right thing to make. He besides believes that one has a responsibility to hold a grammatical scruples. one that knows what the right thing to make is. Even though an earring witting alibis one from making incorrect. one may hold done incorrect in allowing one’s scruples autumn into mistake.

Hr Map - 13642 Words

chapter 1 Developing Yourself as an Effective Learning and Development Practitioner In t r od u c t Io n This chapter begins with a look at what is required of LD professionals and how LD roles are specified. We discuss the CIPD HR Profession Map and how we can use it to assess our professional development needs. We then move on to look at how we deliver our LD service, considering: who are our customers, how well do we meet their needs and what can we do to improve our service delivery. In the final section of the chapter we look at the concept of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and give some practical tips on how to complete a CPD Record and select activities for professional development. lea rn ing ou tc omes When†¦show more content†¦This may be supplemented by further information, about the skills, knowledge and experience required (for example in a person specification at the recruitment stage) or an internal competence framework which details the abilities and behaviours required of different roles within the organisation. There are many variations of LD roles; you may, for example, be involved in: ââ€" Ã¢â€"  ââ€" Ã¢â€"  ââ€" Ã¢â€"  ââ€" Ã¢â€"  ââ€" Ã¢â€"  ââ€" Ã¢â€"  ââ€" Ã¢â€"  ââ€" Ã¢â€"  ââ€" Ã¢â€"  identifying learning needs and planning learning activities designing learning activities and materials delivering and evaluating learning activities providing one-to-one training or coaching assessing and reviewing learning progress supporting line managers to train their staff advising people in the organisation about LD maintaining LD information systems designing or supporting e-learning/technology/enabled learning A free sample chapter from Introduction to Learning and Development Practice. by Kathy Beevers and Andrew Rea Published by the CIPD. Copyright  © CIPD 2010 All rights reserved; no part of this excerpt may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. If you would like to purchaseShow MoreRelatedCipd Hr Map1634 Words   |  7 PagesTITLE: Overview of CIPD’s HR Profession Map DATE: 18th October 2012 1.0 Introduction This report has been produced for a new HR practitioner entering into Companies House. This report it outlines The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) HR Profession Map and how this feeds into timely and effective service delivery from professional HR practitioners. The HR Profession Map (HRPM) developed by CIPD is a useful wide-ranging visionary tool of how HR can add value to the organisationRead MoreHr Professional Map3576 Words   |  15 Pages 1. †¦the research and origins of the HRPM a. What is the HRPM? The CIPD HR Profession Map comprehensively sets out how HR adds the greatest sustained value to the organisation it operates in, now and in the future. It describes the highest standards of professional competence to deliver sustained performance for the organisation. It captures what successful and effective HR people do and deliver across every aspect and specialism of the profession, and sets out theRead MoreHr Profession Map Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesprovided for unit 4DEP (HR) is my own. Signed: Date: Print Name: ACTIVITY 1 THE CIPD HR PROFESSION MAP The CIPD HR Profession Map sets out what HR Profession need to know, do and deliver at all stages in their careers. The Map covers 10 professional areas, 8 behaviours and 4 Bands of competencies and transitions, from Band 1 for the start of HR career through to band for the most senior leaders. ‘It has been designed to be relevant and applicable to HR Professionals operatingRead MoreDefinition Of Hr Profession Map1556 Words   |  7 PagesHR Profession Map identifies two core areas, eight professional areas, ten behaviours and four bands which are essential to be an effective HR practitioner. HR Profession Map has been developed so every HR professional across the world can use it without difficulty. No matter where you are in your HR career, there are two fundamental professional areas for all HR professionals. These areas are: †¢ Insight, Strategy and Solutions – This area strengthens the path of the profession as a practical businessRead MoreThe Cipd Professional Map : An Hr Professionals1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe CIPD Professional Map: The CIPD Professional Map is used as a tool to assist the HR Professionals to adapt to future demands. The HR professionals need to be ready with the relevant skills to meet these demands. People from different backgrounds can enter the HR profession, So, the CIPD Professional Map set the original standards needed. The Map consists of three Key Elements: 1)Professional or Functional Areas: What you need to KNOW and what you need to DO within the HR profession. The ProfessionalRead MoreManagement and Hr Profession Map Essay783 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of what is required to be an effective and Efficient HR Professional and apply CPD techniques to devise, implement and review a Personal, Professional Development Plan. The report will explain how the CIPD HR Profession Map defines the HR profession, including the professional areas, the bands and the behaviours. I will also evaluate how the two core professional areas and two selected behaviours uphold the concept of â€Å"HR Professionalism†, by giving examples from the knowledge and activitiesRead More4DEP HR poffessional map Essay644 Words   |  3 PagesThis report sets out to describe the HR professional map and identify the skills, behaviours and knowledge in Band 2 that I consider most essential in the Employee relations role. The HR Professional Map In 2009 the CIPD conducted a report on what human resource practitioners did, their roles, and activities.They interviewed practitioners from a large number of professions across different sectors and the result was the production of the HR professional map, that does not focus on job titlesRead MoreThe Hr Profession Map : An Evaluation Of The Two Core Professional Areas1823 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction This report explains how the CIPD HR profession map defines the HR profession, an evaluation of the two core professional areas, the bands and behaviours and why HR professionals need to be able to manage themselves manage teams, manage upwards and across the organisation. A self-assessment has been undertaken against the specification of HR Professional practice capabilities and four development options will be evaluated against my personal needs. A personal development plan containingRead MoreThe Cipd Hr Profession Map and Its Application to the Role of Recruitment Administrator1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe CIPD HR Profession Map and its application to the role of Recruitment Administrator The CIPD HR Profession Map The CIPD HR Profession Map is a thorough overview of how HR operates and what value it has for organisations. The CIPD HR Profession Map describes what HR people do and deliver across every aspect and specialism of the profession and specifies knowledge, skills and behaviours required to be effective and successful in a HR role. The HR Profession Map consists of 3 main components: Read MoreBalanced Scorecard1004 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Balanced Scorecard (BSC)? a. Its purpose is to implement balanced management system to strategically align business practice and goals to gain competitive advantage. II. Why is it important? b. It more effectively positions HR to assume a role at the executive table as a source of collected data and analytics, and manager of tangible and intangible assets—synergy of business outcomes that are difficult to imitate, (Fottler, 2006). c. It also supports talentship (Boudreau

The Power of the Customers in the Automobile Industry Essay

1. The power of Customer There are two categories of customers in the automobile industry: final customer, the actual users of the end product and industry’s customer, for instance manufacture company buying the necessary items from the supplier. The power of customer is the extent of an impact that the buyer has on a supplier or manufacturing business. Buyers are powerful if: †¢ Purchase of large volumes †¢ The product is standardized †¢ Low switching costs †¢ Price sensitive †¢ Threat of backward integration 1.1. Ultimate customer Private customer is price sensitive. The cost of purchasing the car represents a significant percentage of consumer budget, therefore the price will become very important factor while choosing a product. Consumer†¦show more content†¦1.2. Industry’s buyers There are many different items needed, in order to manufacture a car. Therefore, the firm has to have very high control and insight on their supply chain. Kraljic’s matrix is a tool that helps to segment suppliers into 4 categories. By using the matrix, it is possible to differentiate items based on the their availability on the market and the extent of significance for the company. For instance, if there are only few alternative suppliers for an item and it is of high value for the company, possibly because of the large purchase volumes or nature of the item is of high complexity, it is categorized as a Strategic item on a producers market. In this case, the company faces potential shortages of future deliveries also the threat of losing control over supplier. There are two available strategies that the company could perform in order to secure deliveries and to gain the customer power. First option is to develop a close relationship with the supplier, to sign a long-term coo peration contract. Second solution is to use backward integration strategy, which is when the manufacturer enters the supplier’s business. Ford Motor Company experienced tough times during the early 20th century. Many suppliers could not survive low economical situation, therefore Ford faced shortages in deliveries and could not produce the quantity of cars demanded. First thought that Henry Ford tried to implement wasShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesChallenges facing the American Auto Industry The American Auto Industry has evolved for many decades with pioneers such as Ford Motor Company. The United States Auto Industry was once upon a time a global leader in the automotive industry but due to knowledge and skills acquisition by other automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, the once American Auto Industry leadership has been surpassed. I will give discuss this following paragraphs. Global Competition in the Industry So far the Toyota Motor CorporationRead MoreBusiness Strategies Of The Automobile Industry1553 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: The automobile industry is vast and complex in its operations as it involves the process of manufacturing and marketing vehicles and thus comprises of huge risk. As the auto mobile industry is prone to major challenges such as becoming customer centric, managing overcapacity, balancing between marketing, advertising and branding to be sustainable, and to make profits in the commoditised market makes essential for the automobile industry to efficiently plan and implement business strategiesRead MoreToyota Motor Corporation Of Japan Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Auto Industry has evolved for many decades with pioneers such as Ford Motor Company. The United States Auto Industry was once upon a time a global leader in the automotive industry but due to knowledge and skills acquisition by other automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, the once American Auto Industry leadership has been surpassed. I will give discuss this following paragraphs. Global Competition in the Industry So far the Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan has surpassed all the AmericanRead MoreGeneral Motors: The Decline of an Automotive Giant1345 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1: Using Porters five forces framework, discuss the competitiveness of the global automobile market. Porters five forces framework is a model of competitive industry structure. These are the threat of entry of new competitors, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of buyers and of suppliers and the rivalry between the existing competitors. Where these forces are intense, below-average industry performance can be expected; where these forces are mild, superior performance is commonRead MoreIndustry Analysis : Automobile Industry1561 Words   |  7 PagesAutomobile Industry Analysis The automobile industry is one of the world’s largest industries, and despite the recession in 2008, the industry shows progress in climbing its way back to the top. The automobile industry includes more than 200 companies, with a combined annual revenue of $230 billion (First Research, Para 3). The purpose of this report is to analyze the industry and relevant trends, in order to evaluate the attractiveness of entering this industry. Macro Environment and Drivers ofRead MoreChallenges of the Automobile Industry of USA Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesAs we all know, automobile industry plays an important part in the economy of USA; however, this industry is facing some environmental challenges. In this assignment, I would like to discuss about the challenges that the automobile industry of USA is struggling with. Specifically, there are four main challenges that will be looked into details which are global competition, new technology, emission’s effect on the environment and the government’s reaction, and the consumers’ opinion about the productsRead MoreIndustry Analysis Using Porter ´s Five Forces Model Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesSECTION ONE: INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 1.1 Features of the Industry The automobile industry experienced intensive competition and low profitability in the past due to crisis. The ‘Five Forces’ model advanced by Porter is influential in its capability to designate many market conditions. This framework predicts the profitability of a market, it is a powerful tool for analysing industries, but firms should consider number of problems experienced when it is used. The major problem are to do with industry definitionRead MoreGoogle Car Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pageswill succeed or fail, the best strategy for Google to adopt. For the industry analysis, Porter’s five forces (Appendix 1) will be used to explore the environment of the automobile industry and if Google will be able to enter the industry and produce automobiles on its own. The financials of Google will also be analyzed to prove if it is economically capable of investing enough capitals in the system and manufacturing automobiles. A SWOT analysis and discussion of the competitive advantages of GoogleRead MoreGlobal Automobile Industry in 20091416 Words   |  6 Pagesthorough a nalysis of the external forces that shaped the global automotive industry in 2009 reveals how the rivalry between established car makers set the stage for some to successfully survive the global recession while others were forced to seek Chapter 11 bankruptcy. A closer consideration of the impact of consolidation, demand and supply, fixed costs, product differentiation, and exit barriers on rivalry within the industry reveals how new entrants and weaker competitors were able to take advantageRead MoreFive Forces1027 Words   |  5 Pagesand automobile industries. Determinants of Entry By entering into car manufacturing market is very costly and risky as the initial costs required a large capital investment on technologies, economics of scale and accessibility to distribution channels has restricted the entry of new entrant to the industry. Toyota is a popular brand and constant market presence in different sectors with largesize that allows Toyota to have a competitive advantage over the new entrants in the automobile industry

Multicultural Awareness As A Clinical Mental Health Counselor

Journal: Multicultural Awareness This paper will introduce and define the need for Multicultural awareness as a clinical mental health counselor. It will further explore examples of various topics in Multicultural counseling such as: Racial and ethnic diversity, gender and social economic status. As a result of this research, in Multicultural awareness, the self-assessment rendered the identity of myself. It allowed me to realize what and who I was as â€Å"other.† In realizing who I was as â€Å"other†, I saw my own self-identity, and some of my flaws. Therefore, this assessment made me realize the need to develop a plan to correct areas of which demonstrated lower scores in: acceptance of change, stereotyping, and assuming may interfere as a mental health counselor if not corrected. Multicultural Self-Assessment After taking the multicultural self-assessment, my results revealed the following about myself. For the most part of this assessment, my strongest points were rounded in cultural diversity a nd understanding. Contrary to such, I scored lower in the areas of â€Å"assuming something is when it’s not,† â€Å"stereotyping,† and â€Å"adapting new changes† (Petrone, M. C. 2004). Lastly, more often than not results displayed equality, and positive outlook type of personality. For example, in posting to the discussion board, I tried to respond to topics without, disrespecting ones’ values, and at the same time introducing awareness about the topic. First Time I Realized I was â€Å"Other† The firstShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Counselor Competencies Reflect On Culturally911 Words   |  4 Pages Multicultural counselor competencies reflect on culturally sensitive counselors, that are mindful of several foundational principles. These principals include, activation of schema and confirmatory bias; awareness; group differences; racial and cultural identity development; and multiple. As stated on page 230, paragraph one, T he Multicultural Counseling Competencies (Arrendondo et al., 1996; Sue and et al., 1992) set standards for the development of beliefs and attitudes, knowledgeRead MoreDiversity, Racial, And Cultural Factors1277 Words   |  6 Pages Multicultural competence is defined as acquiring the essential skills in order to interact successful with individuals of diverse cultural or ethnic backgrounds (Holcomb- Mc Coy Myers, 1999). Multicultural competency in counseling helps clinicians diminish the deeply rooted assumptions of a particular group and enables them understand their own values and gain a better perspective and empathy to successfully respond towards the needs of diverse populations. Clinicians are able to learn and recognizeRead MoreThe Emotional Intensity Of The Clinical Material785 Words   |  4 Pagespopulations. The emotional intensity of the clinical material (real life stories about torture, beheadings, sex trafficking or so) can inflict providers with vicarious traumat ization. Hence, care providers apply self-care strategies for themselves when working with the victims of torture. Williams and Berry (1991) proposed a few suggestions to make changes at systemic level. These changes comprises developing school curricula that promote multicultural and multiracial understanding and toleranceRead More Multicultural Counseling Critique Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural Counseling Critique: Counseling Utilization by Ethnic Minority College Students Although the practice of counseling has evolved considerably since its inception, the concept of multicultural competence remains novel. Engrossed in the lives of every clinician are underlined biases and prejudices that act as filters in which every interaction with a clients is affected. Current research on the topic of multicultural counseling has shown that although multicultural awareness is on theRead MoreCultural Diversity : A Cultural Assessment, Diagnosis And Or Treatment807 Words   |  4 PagesEngaging into the importance of multicultural competence, awareness of such competency has become a significant necessity in the area of mental health, and various fields of psychology (Hayes, 2008). It is essential for a counselor to be multicultural competent in order to develop a therapeutic alliance with a client, while understanding their cultural identity. Therefore, culturally competent knowledge, attitudes, and skills of diverse culture, is necessary, in proper treatment an d diagnosis. Read MoreMy Goal As A Licensed Counselor961 Words   |  4 Pagescompared to other mental health professions. In my brief personal and professional experience with the field, I have come to define counseling as a process of engagement between two people, both of whom are bound to change through a collaborative process that involves both the therapist and the client in co-constructing solutions to concerns. Mental and emotional health can have interpersonal, and social impacts; I want to provide evidenced-based mental, emotional and behavioral health interventionsRead MoreDiversity in the United States1647 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation continues to increase in racial and ethnic diversity, therefore, it is pertinent that mental health professionals tailor their services to the needs of various cultural populations (Constantine, Kindaichi, Arorash, Donnelly, Jung, 2002). The awareness that ethnic minorities experience negative consequences from being oppressed, resulted in the multicultural competence pedagogy and has helped counselors identify effective strategies to generate social change (Hage, 2003; Vera Speight, 2003)Read MoreOvercoming Racism And Discrimination That Has Affected Asian And Native Americans1426 Words   |  6 Pagespaper, I will identify how a counselor can reduce the effects of racism and discrimination that has affected Asian and Native Americans. Additionall y, I will address what role a counselor plays in reducing the stigma of mental illness within both Asian and Native American’s community. Furthermore, I will highlight how the reading material from your textbook aligns with the issues presented in the videos, Asian American/Pacific Islanders and Mental Health and The Mental Health of Native Americans as wellRead MoreThe Roles of a Counselor2069 Words   |  9 Pagesand Functions of a Clinical Mental Health Counselor M. Smith The Roles and Functions of a CMHC COUN 5004: COUN5223 - Introduction to Mental Health Counseling Dr. April 29, 2012 Smith 2 Mental health counseling programsRead MoreCertain Populations Use Mental Health Care Services More than Others3227 Words   |  13 PagesOver the years, mental health researchers have become increasingly interested in conducting research pertaining to the utilization rates and the provision of efficacious services to ethnically and racially diverse populations (Sue Sue, 1990). Furthermore, research has concluded that certain populations may utilize mental health services more than others. In particular, individuals from underrepresented and minority populations are less likely to utilize mental health services than other populations

MA in Virgin Airlines

Question: Discuss about theMA in Virgin Airlines. Answer: Introduction In terms of sales departments, the management has emphasized upon disseminating the different roles of management reporting into several sets of job profiles. These posts comprises of Accounts Managers, Operational Executives and sales analysts. The key revenue indicators comes from passenger ticket sales, this is to be followed by the revenues generated through the freighting activities coupled with providing logistical solutions. Instead of machine hours as used in manufacturing and production operations, the airline uses Block Hour (BH). A synonym for Aircraft Hour, the BH is determined by the duration that a particular flight takes between moving out of departure gate until entering the arrival gate (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). The productivity of airlines is computed using the BH unit; Virgin too utilizes these unitary measures in order to gauge the degree of efficiency of its operating activities. The primary fleet of airbus operated by the company comprises of Boeing 7 37-400 and 737-800 (Virgin Australia 2016). The airline sets a particular benchmark for utilization of its aircraft carriers based upon the industry standards and thereby computes the degree of variance based upon the frequency of its flight schedules. In terms of measuring the overall unit costs of operations, the cost per unit of available seat mile (CASM) is utilized by the Virgin Airline likewise other airline companies. The basic methodology for computing CASM is through determination of aggregate operating costs followed by computing the quantum of available seat miles and then dividing the former with the latter (Web.mit.edu 2016). The actual CASM is derived and analyzed periodically; mostly on a quarterly basis in order undertake comparison with the industry standards. The benchmarking of the costs as against Virgin Airlines domestic and international competitors assists in evaluating the effectiveness of cost management operations currently implemented by the company. Revenue Passenger Miles (RPM) is the measurement unit of computing the degree of passenger traffic managed by the airline in the last quarter, half year or annual period. The RPM is a indicator of the salability of the airline due to the fact that computation of RPM entails determining the number of airline seats sold by the company. A high RPM tends to indicate the fact that the company has succeeded towards retaining its existing consumer base along with attracting newer sets of flyers (iata.org 2016). The analysts undertaking the evaluation of sales activities tends to use RPM as a parameter to make recommendations regarding current management policies concerning the sales activities. The load factor is another costing unit utilized in order to assist in determining the quantum of consumption of airline output. The load factor comprises of using the RPM as a percentage of Available Seat Miles (ASM). Moreover, the computations as regards to load factor is done by the company on a w eek by week basis in accordance with the industry norms which is then aggregated at the end of a particular quarter. The revenue generated by the company through carriage activities pertaining to its passengers are categorized as passenger revenue (PR). Moreover, they are appropriated on the basis of schedule flight operations thereby attributing the costs in accordance to each activity. The passenger revenue is a representation of a division among the sources of revenue generation by the airline. The generated revenue by the airline is segregated amongst the revenue earned from passengers and those earned purely from logistical activities. Another form of measurement of revenue relates to the fact that the total revenue is to be computed with regards to ASM in order to facilitate evaluation of revenue generated per ASM. Airline industry in general has diverse sets of costs comprising of regulatory expenses, operating expenses, services costs and costs pertaining to security, technological up gradation expenditures among others. Virgin Airlines has numerous expenses that are variable in nature and cost of which tends to vary upon several relevant factors. Primary among them being the travel routes in which the airline operates. Moreover, the purchasing mechanism for aircraft carriers, maintenance costs, staff salaries, aviation fuels costs among others. Further, the maintenance costs relating to aircrafts vary in quantum. This is owing to the fact that the specification, fuselage and efficiency along with the engineering involved in manufacturing the aircrafts vary from aircraft to aircraft. The airlines follow ABC method of costing in order to compute aircraft maintenance costs due to the inherent nature of cost allocation facilitated by ABC costing. The ABC method of costing has been developed with an intention towards providing a enhanced set of platform for cost ascertainment than what was provided by Traditional Cost Accounting (TCA). The benefits as regards to ABC Costing arise from the fact that the product cost behavior can be adequately evaluated by companies implementing the method (Drury 2013). In terms of Virgin Airlines, the usually distorted sets of cost computations resulting from implementation of TCA can be reduced substantially by applying ABC. In case of TCA, the allocation of overhead costs has been facilitated through accumulation of costs from each department. This is followed by allocating them to the services or products (Levant and Zimnovitch 2013). On the other hand, ABC costing tends to undertake cost ascertainment and allocation based upon different sets of activities (Kaplan and Anderson 2013). Thereby, the allocating processes under ABC are more transparent and rational in nature for airline companies like Virgin. Airline industry in general incurs heavy maintenance costs that can be segregated into both direct and indirect costs. Every set of Airline Company, including Virgin Airlines, tends to have their activities distributed amongst aircraft maintenance, cabin and crew maintenance, structure maintenance coupled with upkeep of relevant tools. The aircraft maintenance activities comprise of preflight checking and functioning, inspection of aircraft decks, performing onboard operation checks along with cleaning of airbuses. Further, in terms of cabin maintenance, the activities entails maintaining the rugs, seats and carpets inside the flights coupled with installation and upkeep of emergency medical aids. The structure maintenance pertaining to airbuses comprises of repairing, oiling and painting, overhauling and wielding activities. The direct costs in relation to airline operations includes engine maintenance costs, direct labor costs as in salaries of cockpit crews and aeronautical engineers directly involved in operating in the predetermined routes. Moreover the leasing, rents relating to airbus maintenance, both heavy and base aircraft maintenance consumables falls under direct costs. The primary form of overhead costs includes regulatory fees to be paid to aviation authorities, depreciations as regards to airbuses and the rent relating to aircraft hangars. The majority of MA functions are undertaken by the Finance department whose functions includes initiating the financial analysis, financial forecasting, preparation of internal audit report, management of expansionary and up-gradation projects (Virgin Australia 2016). The relevant job roles pertaining to the finance department comprises of Auditor, Project Managers, Business Analysts and Accountants along with specialization in IT architecture and softwar e. The major forms of reports generated by airlines in order to facilitate managerial decision making comprises of preparation Flight Load on a daily basis. The flight load pertaining to a particular period comprises of flight numbers, the operating flight routes, details regarding the departure and arrival time. Further, such report also takes into account the volume of passenger booking the flights coupled with no show. The next line of reports tends to provide details regarding BH, RPM, ASM and PR in order to facilitate performance evaluation of activities undertaken by the company. Moreover, preparation of budget forecasting under the supervision of Finance Department tends to assist in mitigating the prevalent degree of cost overruns. 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